In situ particle size and shape analysis

In-Situ Particle Size and Shape Analysis During Flame Synthesis of Nanosize Powders... 

A myriad of experimental studies have explored the impact of size and shape of catalyst nanoparticles as well as of substrate properties on (Wieckowski et al., 2003). Predictive relations between particle size and activity are, however, difficult to be established, since the size of particles affects electronic and geometric properties at their surface. The advantage of using for catalyst evaluation, is that it can be obtained from ex situ Tafel analysis conducted under reproducible conditions. As a result of changes in the reaction pathway with potential, y must be found for the potential region of interest. 

The examples illustrate the strong points of XRD for catalyst studies XRD identifies crystallographic phases, if desired under in situ conditions, and can be used to monitor the kinetics of solid state reactions such as reduction, oxidation, sulfidation, carburization or nitridation that are used in the activation of catalysts. In addition, careful analysis of diffraction line shapes or - more common but less accurate-simple determination of the line broadening gives information on particle size. 

CLSM) has been used to generate three-dimensional information on particle size, shape and porosity [141]. The CLSM has been used to measure particle size distribution in situ and ex situ using computer based image analysis system [142]. A model was developed to assess processing conditions to produce a floe with desirable characteristics in an enhanced actinide removal. Ferreira et.al. [143] present some additional methods of measuring wood pulp fibers and compares these with data from CLSM... 

Particle size distributions are important information for evaluating the synthesis, growth and kinetics of formation of nanoparticles and nanoparticle aggregates. The main contrasting techniques are imaging via TEM, and SAXS analysis. TEM analysis is independent of the type of aggregation, shape and size of nanoparticles, whereas SAXS interpretation requires assumptions about the nature of the sample. On the other hand, SAXS can be done on in situ systems, and often in real time during particle formation. 

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