In abalone

Stewart, J. and M. Schulz-Baldes. 1976. Long-term lead accumulation in abalone (Haliotis spp.) fed on lead-treated brown algae (Egregia laevigata). Mar. Biol. 36 19-24. 

Lopata, A. L., Zinn, C., and Potter, P. C. (1997). Characteristics of hypersensitivity reactions and identification of a unique 49 Kd IgE-binding protein (Hal-m-1) in abalone (Haliotis... 

The concentration is equivalent to that found in abalone meat. 

Glycogen, which is contained in abalone meat in a high concentration, showed a body effect on the taste, although glycogen itself was tasteless. 

Extracts of tube feet or stomach juice from a starfish release these responses. Extract from a small starfish (Leptasterias sp., 2-3 cm from arm tip to arm tip) triggers escape responses in abalone which is 10 cm or longer ... 

Taste components of a number of sea food products have been examined for each sea food product has its individual characteristic taste. In studies on the free amino acids analysis (Table 9), it was shown that the major amino acid is His in red meat of fish, Gly and Pro in cuttlefish, Gly and Arg in prawns, and Tau and Arg in abalone ( ). The major amino acids in sea urchin are Gly, Ala and Leu (50). However, the components contributing to their individual characteristic tastes were not elucidated because the relationship between the taste components and the taste was not thoroughly correlated and Investigated in most of these studies. 

Shell )- The pearls are iridescent, with the same blues, greens, purples and pinks that are displayed by the shells. The pearls are natural, and are usually hollow and of unusual shape - often cusp shaped - and very seldom round (F%. 9.8). Nowadays cultured composite blister pearls are being produced in abalones. 

The steps in abalone sperm-egg interaction were deduced from light and electron microscopic studies (Figure 4). First, the sperm plasma membrane covering the tip... 

No visible changes occur to the egg VE after fertilization. There is no evidence of a cortical granule reaction in abalone eggs, nor are there visible changes to the... 

The abalone sperm AR can be artificially induced by raising the calcium ion concentration of seawater from the normal 10 mM to 50 mM in seawater buffered with 10 mM Tris at pH 8.2. Unlike other species used for fertilization studies, the abalone AR does not lead to the rapid death of the sperm. In abalone sperm, the acrosomal compartment is sealed off from the respiratory compartment acrosome-reacted, sperm will continue to swim for days if stored in the cold room at 4°C. The acrosomal exudate of these sperm is composed predominantly of soluble ly sin and 18K protein. Reducing and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole sperm, AV exudate, and purified lysin shows that abalone spermatocytes make a substantial investment in the synthesis of these two acrosomal proteins (Figure 6). 

To summarize, variable structural features of lysins suggest ways to attack the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of species-specific sperm-egg recognition in abalones. The invariant structural features of lysins suggest ways to explore the molecular mechanism lysin uses to destroy nonenzymatically the integrity of the VE to allow the sperm to pass through this protective envelope and contact the egg cell membrane. 

Lindberg, D.R. (1991). Evolution, distribution, and systematics of Haliotidae. In Abalone of the World Biology, Fisheries, and Culture. (Shepherd, S.A., Tegner, M.J., and Guzman Del Proo, S.A., Eds.), Chapter 1. Blackwells Scientific Publishers, London. 

Sperm penetrate the zona pellucida only after completion of the acrosome reaction. A similar process occurs in nonmammalian species, where sperm must penetrate the vitelline coat. In abalone this is accomplished by release of lysin, an acrosomal protein that disperses the vitelline coat by a noncatalytic mechanism (Lewis et al., 1982 Shaw et al., 1993). In contrast, the generally accepted model for mammalian sperm penetration of the zona pellucida is the acrosin hypothesis in which proteolysis of zona pellucida matrix glycoproteins by acrosin, the acrosomal serine esterase, plays a trailblazing role in the sperm penetration process (Yanag-... 

Metabonomics has already been applied in fields outside human and other mammalian systems. For example, studies in the environmental pollution field have highlighted the potential benefits of this approach by studies of caterpillar hemo-lymph [38] and earthworm biochemical changes as a result of soil pollution by model toxic substances [39]. In addition, a study of heavy metal toxicity (As + and Cd +) in wild rodents living on polluted sites has been concluded successfully [40]. In terms of monitoring water quality, one study has evaluated adverse effects in abalone using NMR-based metabonomics [41]. 

Unusual FA found in some fish include furan FA and nonmethylene-interrupted dienoic acids (NMI) (Ota et al., 1994). NMI were also present in abalone at 3 to 6% of FA (Dunstan et al., 1996), oysters at 4.5% (Dunstan et al., 1993), and at approximately 20% in the dusky shark (Nichols et al., 1998). It is the presence of these FA, as well as branched-chain SFA and MUFA, which means that the sum of SFA, MUFA, and PUFA do not equal 100%. 

Figure 35.12a Redrawn after Lin, A. and Meyers, M. A. (2005) Growth and structure in abalone shell, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 390 27.

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