Impact on analytical chemistry

MS involves the separation of ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The concept was invented a century ago1 with a dramatic impact on analytical chemistry.2-3 The fundamental principle of MS requires vaporization of the molecules in the gas phase and in ionization. Early ionization methods such as electron impact (El) and chemical ionization (Cl)4-5 were limited to small organic molecules that were volatile and stable to heat and amenable to transfer into high vacuum. Introduction of the fast-atom-bombardment (FAB) method of ionization6... 

The use of laser (qv) radiation as an excitation source has had a major impact on analytical chemistry (36—39). A powerful, coherent, monochromatic laser source can serve a variety of appHcations, including sample-induced fluorescence and chemiluminescence (qv). Because ionization efficiency is high within the laser probe zone and because all ions can be collected and efficiendy measured, the sensitivity of the method is high. Also, because ionization depends on resonant transitions of the analytes, a relatively high degree of selectivity is obtained. 

In a lecture given to the Analytical Division of the Royal Chemical Society, Bet-teridge summarized the impact of these developments on analytical chemistry as providing solutions to barriers to analytical information, giving rise to new problems (table 3). I will follow his lines to discuss the evolution of Chemometrics in its historical context. 

One of the most exciting new techniques in analytical chemistry has been the development of sensitive methods based on immunological responses. One of the main advantages of immunological techniques is their high selectivity, even in complex matrices. This approach has made a dramatic impact on clinical chemistry. As new probes are developed, they will probably be applied to ancient proteinaceous materials,... 

A way to address the current impact of biosensor research on analytical chemistry, biochemistry, biology, and medicine is to have a look at the number of publications. Table 1.1 contains the number of articles and reviews with the keyword biosensor and related keywords published between 2005 and 2010. About 11345 papers and 549 reviews have been published containing the keyword biosensor. ... 

The title indicates that this paper is about the calculation of vibrational force constants and the geometry optimization of polyatomic molecules however, its primary impact on computational chemistry comes from the methodology for calculating analytic first derivatives with respect to molecular coordinates at the Hartree-Fock (HF) level of theory. Applications of first and higher derivatives of the energies obtained by molecular orbital (MO) calculations have revolutionized computational chemistry, allowing molecular structures and properties to be computed efficiently and reliably [1-5]. Almost all electronic structure codes compute analytic first derivatives of the energy, and Pulay s paper was the first to describe a practical calculational approach. 

Taylor, John K. 1986. The Impact of Instrumentation on Analytical Chemistry. In The History and Preservation of Chemical Instrumentation, edited hy John T. Stock and Mary V. Orna, 1-10. Dordrecht Reidel. 

The development of electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization as soft mass spectrometric ionization methods occurred virtually in parallel. The sudden growth of each began at almost the same time and was spurred primarily by the new possibilities that their advent provided for analyses of biopolymers, especially proteins. The impact of the two approaches on analytical chemistry—and in particular, biomolecule analysis— was both major and complementary. The overlapping histories of development of electrospray and MALDI over the past quarter century are like two sides of the same coin for this reason, both have been included in this new volume. 

The active state of luminescence spectrometry today may be judged ly an examination of the 1988 issue of Fundamental Reviews of Analytical Chemistry (78), which divides its report titled Molecular Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Chemiluminescence Spectrometry into about 27 specialized topical areas, depending on how you choose to count all the subdivisions. This profusion of luminescence topics in Fundamental Reviews is just the tip of the iceberg, because it omits all publications not primarily concerned with analytical applications. Fundamental Reviews does, however, represent a good cross-section of the available techniques because nearly every method for using luminescence in scientific studies eventually finds a use in some form of chemical analysis. Since it would be impossible to mention here all of the current important applications and developments in the entire universe of luminescence, this report continues with a look at progress in a few current areas that seem significant to the author for their potential impact on future work. 

Dec J, Bollag J-M, Huang PM, Senesi N (2002) Impact of interactions between microorganisms and soil colloids on transformation of organic pollutants. In Huang PM, Bollag J-M, Senesi N (eds) Interactions between soil particles and microorganisms. Impact on Terrestrial Ecosystem, vol 8, IUPAC Series of Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems, Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp 323-378... 

Analytical chemistry in the new millennium will continue to develop greater degrees of sophistication. The use of automation, especially involving robots, for routine work will increase and the role of ever more powerful computers and software, such as intelligent expert systems, will be a dominant factor. Extreme miniaturisation of techniques (the analytical laboratory on a chip ) and sensors designed for specific tasks will make a big impact. Despite such advances, the importance of, and the need for, trained analytical chemists is set to continue into the foreseeable future and it is vital that universities and colleges play a full part in the provision of relevant courses of study. 

In conclusion, molecularly imprinted polymers and related materials have every potential to become popular tools in analytical chemistry, catalysis, and sensor technology. Obviously this will require further research, especially in the problem areas of MI mentioned above. Nevertheless, the author of this contribution fully expects that in the near future MIP will become real competitors for biological enzymes or antibodies, and thus will have a major impact on the whole area of biotechnology. 

Singh N., Mittal S.K., Agarwal R., Awasthi A. and Gupta P.K., Impact of rice crop residue burning on levels of SPM, SO2 and NO2 in the ambient air of Patiala (India), International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 90 (10), 829-843 (2010)... 

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