Immunotoxins therapy

Xiang X, Phung Y, Feng M et al (2011) The development and characterization of a human mesothelioma in vitro 3D model to investigate immunotoxin therapy. PLoS One 6 el4640... 

Ghetie, M. A and Vitetta, E S (1994) Recent developments in immunotoxin therapy Curr Opinion Immunol. 6, 707-714... 

Wawrzynczak EJ. Systemic immunotoxin therapy of cancer Advances and prospects. Br J Cancer 1991 64 624-30. 

Grossbard, M. and Nadler, L. M. (1994) Immunotoxin therapy of lymphoid neoplasms. Semin. Hematol. 31,88-97. 

Toxins as effector molecules have been widely studied in vitro and applied in vivo in pre-clin-ical and clinical studies. A frequent observation with immunotoxins in the clinic is the occurrence of vascular leak syndrome. This toxicity is associated with the toxin moiety of the im-munotoxin and sometimes demands cessation of therapy or administration of snb-optimal dosages [92]. Another approach with high potential is to selectively inhibit tnmonr blood flow by selectively targeting the blood coagnlation-mdndng activity of the tnmonr endothelium. 

Brinkmann, U., Recombinant antibody fragments and immunotoxin fusions for cancer therapy. In Vivo, 2000.14(1) 21-7. 

Ricin is a type II toxin. The A chain (ricin A) contains 267 amino acid residues, and the B chain (ricin B) 262 residues. Ricin A is exceptionally toxic, and it has been estimated that a single molecule is sufficient to kill an individual cell. This peptide can be prepared by genetic engineering using Escherichia coli. The potent action of this material on eukaryotic cells has been investigated in anticancer therapy. Ricin A has been coupled to monoclonal antibodies and successfully delivered specifically to the tumour cells. However, in vitro toxicity of ricin A-based immunotoxins is enhanced significantly if ricin B is also present. 

Reiter, Y., and Pastan, I. (1998). Recombinant Fv immunotoxins and Fv fragments as novel agents for cancer therapy and diagnosis. Trends Biotechnol., 16, 513-520. 

Immunotoxins continue to be actively investigated as viable alternatives to conventional therapies for a variety of diseases. An array of different recombinant, antibody formats are now available for use in immunotoxins. While these design changes have improved the overall in vitro and preclinical in vivo efficacy of immunotoxins, increased potency does not address either of the two major concerns for drugs of this type immunogenicity and toxicity. As such, immunotoxins in their current form may have limited application other than to those disease conditions either where the patients are immunocompro-... 

Brinkmann U. Recombinant immunotoxins protein engineering for cancer therapy. Mol Med Today 1996 439-46. 

Kreitman RJ. Immunotoxins in cancer therapy. Curr Opin Immunol 1999 11 570-8. 

Kreitman RJ. Immunotoxins for targeted cancer therapy. AAPS J 2006 8 E532-51. 

Krolick KA, Uhr JW, Slavin S, Vitetta ES. In vivo therapy of a murine B cell tumor (BCL1) using antibody-ricin A chain immunotoxins. J Exp Med 1982 155 1797-809. 

Reiter Y. Recombinant immunotoxins in targeted cancer cell therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2001 81 93-124. 

Ricin and abrin have played important roles in the history of clinical medicine and biomedical research. Ricin is commonly used as a part of immunotoxins for elinieal tumor research and application, although the detailed meehanism of its funetion is still under investigation (Stirpe and Battelli, 2006 Rao et al, 2005). At present, a major effort in biomedical research is under way to target the toxins and pursue malignant eells. Novel in vitro approaehes of using ricin toxins in cancer therapy have proven sueeessful however, further in vitro and animal studies are needed to confirm its potential (Wang et al, 2007). 

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