Imidazolinium quats

Ester quat Alkyl quat Imidazolinium quat... 

Reduction in the crystallinity of AA(H) by low-melting softening molecules such as ami-doamine AA(S), unsaturated imidazolinium quat, or triethanolamine diester quat (DEQ)... 

The characteristics of 1 1 mixtures (20-25% by weight) of AA(H) and Aim are listed in Table 9.5. The unique combination of fatty amidoamine AA(H) with the imidazolinium quat results in a synergistic softening of 35 EQ at the 25% level, an average particle size of 1 pm and a 1 week viscosity of only 360 cP at room temperature [74,75],... 

The combination system of fatty amidoamine AA(H) and imidazolinium quat (Aim) meets the needs of high-efficacy and low-viscosity fabric conditioner concentrate. The attributes of high efficacy and low viscosity of AA(H) in the presence of unsaturated softening molecules are ascribed to the high dispersibility of AA(H), decrease in the melting point, and looser packing of the softening molecules in solution. 

The behaviour of imidazolinium quats in this method is uncertain, because many of their structures are uncertain. Those having an... 

Two-phase and potentiometric NaTPB titration at different pHs (section 7.1) will deal with some mixtures. Imidazolinium quats containing a ring structure are alkali-labile and titrate quantitatively only at pH 3 (but may give a variable and partial response at pH 10), alkylpyridinium and other aromatic nitrogen quats titrate at pH 3 and 10 and all others at pH 3, 10 and 13. The response of imidazoline-derived quats not containing a ring structure is uncertain they probably titrate at all pHs, but this would need to be confirmed for individual cases. 

Softening actives exhibit the following sequence of increasing antistatic activity in rinse cycle products tallow imidazolinium < tallow ammonium chloride < tallow diamidoalkoxylated quat. Triethanolammonium oleate has also been reported to be a very efficient antistatic agent [20],... 

At present, triethanolamine ester quats (TEAEQ), with a formal structure of (RC02CH2CH2)2N+(CH3)CH2CH2OH-CH3SC>4 are the fabric softeners of choice in Europe and elsewhere, replacing the imidazolinium and dialkyldimethyl ammonium types. 

Most unsaturated ring quats of industrial importance are alkylpyridinium halides (I) and substituted imidazolinium compounds (11). To prepare alkylpyridinium halide, pyridine is reacted with the equimolar amounts of alkyl halide for several hours at 100-150 °C without solvent according the reactions given above. The reaction is two orders slower in this case because the basicity of pyridine is much weaker in comparison with aliphatic tertiary amines and heterocyclic aliphatic amines, such as N-alkylpiperidine and N-alkylmorpholine, too. Typical examples of the aromatic quaternaries are given below ... 

By far the largest (46% of the total amine market) use of f was in fabric softeners ( quaternary ammonium compounds). Predominantly used were di-methyldialkylammonium chloride and the corresponding methyl sulfate. The alkyl is hydrogenated tallow. The volinne of f. in this area is reduced substantially since modem ester quats (->qtiatem-ary ammonium compounds) need no f Other quaternaries contain hydroxyethyl- or imidazolinium structures. Dispersions containing 5-7% f. are used in rinse cycles of household and commercial laundry machines, and 0.1-0.2% remains on the fabric. In drying cycles, the softeners are applied to the substrate (paper, wovens and nonwovens as well as foam pads). 

Dispersions of softeners, especially those of high concentration, often contain viscosity-reducing additives like fatty alcohols, amine ethoxylates, or acid ethoxylates. Instead of quaternary alkyl compounds, dialkyl imidazolinium compounds or ester quats are often used. Amidoamine quats like methyl-Z>/s(tallowamidoethyl)-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium methyl sulfate are also popular in North America. 

---