Imaging applications polymers

CARS microscopy has emerged as a highly sensitive analytical tool for vibrational bioimaging, predominantly, of lipids in membrane model systems [69, 81-84], live unstained cells [85-95, 43], and both ex vivo and in vivo tissues [26, 96-103, 43]. Examples of CARS imaging applications in the physical and material sciences include the study of fracture dynamics in drying silica nanoparticle suspensions [104], patterned polymeric photoresist film [105], drug molecules in a polymer matrix [106], and liquid crystals [107, 108],... 

Almost all of these examples involve diffusion of a chemical species measuring diffusion rates has long been a specialty of NMR spectroscopy. The studies of KBr and drawn polyethylene produced unique information in the latter case, the known orientation of the deuterium electric field gradient in C-D bonds is used to determine the orientation, with respect to the magnetic field, of a polymer chain of a uniaxially ordered polyethylene fiber. The real time imaging of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate is very interesting and may represent a major direction for NMR imaging applications to polymer science. 

The main research activities using a FPA detector for FT-IR imaging began in 1997, since when the group of Koenig, at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, USA, has made important contributions to this research area. In their first FT-IR imaging applications in the transmission mode (1996, 1998, 1999), the group studied the diffusion of liquid crystals into polymers. The diffusion process was analyzed in detail and quantitative results, such as diffusion coefficients, were derived [2-4]. 

Applications of FT-iR imaging for Polymer Research and Quality Control... 

Applications of NMR imaging outside the medical field have been published in a variety of books and journals [8-13, 21, 86, 108-115]. A rather important subject for applications of NMR imaging is polymer science, as polymers are rich in protons, the most sensitive, stable NMR nucleus, and many polymer materials are often soft, so that the homonuclear dipole-dipole interaetion among protons is partially averaged by molecular motion. Thus, polymers are far more suitable to NMR imaging than for instance ceramic materials. 

One other interesting variation on the use of o-nitrobenzyl chemistry in lithographic imaging applications involves the DUV photoinduced backbone fragmentation of o-nitrobenzyl-substimted polyether this leads to the lowering of the molecular weight of the polymer sufficiently to enhance the solubility of the exposed part of the resist (Scheme 7.13)/ ... 

Crivello and J.FI.W. Lam,. Polym. Set Polym. Lett. Ed. 17, 759 (1979) J.V. Crivello and J.L. Lee, Photosensitized cationic polymerizations using dialkylphenacylsulfonium and dialkyl(4 hydro xyphenyl)sulfonium salt photoinitiators, Macromolecules, 14, 1141 (1981) S.P. Pappas, Photo generation of acid Part 6 A review of basic principles for resist imaging applications, J. Imaging Technol. 11, 146 (1985) J.L. Dektar and N.P. Hacker, Triphenylsulfonium salt photochemistry. New evidence for triplet excited state reactions, J. Org. Chem., 53, (1988) J.L. Dektar and N.P. Hacker, Photochemistry of triarylsulfonium salts, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112, 6004 (1990) G. Pohlers, J.C. Sciano, R.F. Sinta, R. Brainard, and D. Pai, Mechanistic studies of photoacid gen eration from substituted 4,6 bis(trichloromethyl) 1,3,5 triazines, Chem. Mater. 9, 1353 (1997). 

Polymersomes offer advantages for clinical therapeutic and diagnostic imaging applications. The ratio of the hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic volume fraction is the key in determining the mesoscopic formulations among micelles (spherical, prolate, or oblate) or vesicles (polymersomes) in aqueous solution [33-35]. In general, a proportion of hydrophilic block-to-total polymer from 25 to 45% favors polymersome formation, while block copolymers that have proportions greater than 45% favors micelle formation [36]. 

Preparation of GRIN Polymer Fibers for Imaging Applications. GRIN polymer fibers for imaging applications require not only a completely quadratic index... 

Shim MS, Kwon YJ (2012) Stimuli-responsive polymers and nanomaterials for gene delivery and imaging applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64 1046-1059... 

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