Imaging analysis

Spectral Dimensions has produced the Blend Monitor, which claims to be the first system based on chemical imaging that operates on a process scale. The prototype, based on NIR spectroscopy, takes spectral images of the powder at-line through a quartz window integrated into the blender itself. The data obtained allow decisions to be made as to whether the blending is complete or more time is required. The process does need to be stopped for the measurements to take place but samples do not need to be removed and, of course, the technique is nondestructive. It is hoped the next prototype will allow measurements to be taken continuously while the blender is turning so that the process does not need to be interrupted. 

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But, with the use of digitization, 2D quantitative measurements are allowed for industrial radiography. These can be done by powerful tools, like estimation of defect extension, automatic segmentation, recognition of individual defects and image analysis (figure 7). For validation, results can be compared with destractive examination of metallic objects. 

In comparison with traditional radiography testing ISONIC system allows to provide image analysis and printout with different sensitivity thresholds at the postprocessing stage... 

The capillary rise on a Wilhelmy plate (Section II-6C) is a nice means to obtain contact angles by measurement of the height, h, of the meniscus on a partially immersed plate (see Fig. 11-14) [111, 112]. Neumann has automated this technique to replace manual measurement of h with digital image analysis to obtain an accuracy of 0.06° (and a repeatability to 95%, in practice, of 0.01°) [108]. The contact angle is obtained directly from the height through... 

Physical testing appHcations and methods for fibrous materials are reviewed in the Hterature (101—103) and are generally appHcable to polyester fibers. Microscopic analyses by optical or scanning electron microscopy are useful for evaluating fiber parameters including size, shape, uniformity, and surface characteristics. Computerized image analysis is often used to quantify and evaluate these parameters for quaUty control. 

Aspect Ratio. The aspect ratio of mica is determined with electromicroscopic image analysis techniques. 

Fig. 7. Definition of diameteis frequently used in image analysis (a) horizontal Martin diameter, (b) horizontal Feret diameter, and (c) diameter of equal...

Fig. 15. Size data for a metal powder obtained by A, image analysis, and B, on a diffractometer.

Fig. 4. Aggregate size distributions by electron microscope image analysis (D and centrifugal (Z9 sedimentations for N220 and N351 carbon blacks (8).

Yes, atomic structures by diffraction defect characterization by systematic image analysis... 

For other quantification, specialized graticules are available, including point counting, grids, concentric circles, and special scales. The latest methods of quantification involve automatic image analysis. 

The first detailed book to describe the practice and theory of stereology was assembled by two Americans, DeHoff and Rhines (1968) both these men were famous practitioners in their day. There has been a steady stream of books since then a fine, concise and very clear overview is that by Exner (1996). In the last few years, a specialised form of microstructural analysis, entirely dependent on computerised image analysis, has emerged - fractal analysis, a form of measurement of roughness in two or three dimensions. Most of the voluminous literature of fractals, initiated by a mathematician, Benoit Mandelbrot at IBM, is irrelevant to materials science, but there is a sub-parepisteme of fractal analysis which relates the fractal dimension to fracture toughness one example of this has been analysed, together with an explanation of the meaning of fractal dimension , by Cahn (1989). 

Exner, H.E, and Hougardy, H.P. (1988) Quantitative Image Analysis of Microstructures (DGM Informationsgesellschaft Verlag, Oberursel). 

Monnier, O., Fevotte, G., Hoff, C. and Klein, J.P., 1997. Model identification of batch cooling crystallizations through calorimetry and image analysis. Chemical Engineering Science, 52, 1125-1139. 

The conformation change in the power stroke has been studied in two ways (1) cryoelectron microscopy together with computerized image analysis... 

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