I-Butanol

Extraction from Aqueous Solutions Critical Fluid Technologies, Inc. has developed a continuous countercurrent extraction process based on a 0.5-oy 10-m column to extract residual organic solvents such as trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, benzene, and chloroform from industrial wastewater streams. Typical solvents include supercritical CO9 and near-critical propane. The economics of these processes are largely driven by the hydrophihcity of the product, which has a large influence on the distribution coefficient. For example, at 16°C, the partition coefficient between liquid CO9 and water is 0.4 for methanol, 1.8 for /i-butanol, and 31 for /i-heptanol. 

Styrene AIBN PAAc Isopropanol/water I-Butanol/water 1.4-3.3 89... 

CHjCHjCHjCH, butane CHjCHjCH CH,OH I-butanol butyl alcohol CHjCHjCHjCHtNH, 1-butylamine... 

Dishnct fuel-specific reaction chemistry is also seen in premixed flat flames of the four butanols. Figure 2.9 shows PIE curves for m/z = 72 (C4H8O). The species pool is quite different, with butanal present in the 1-butanol flame, 2-methyl propanal in the i-butanol flame, and 2-butanone in both the 2-butanol and the f-butanol... 

Table 1.14 Loss of I-butanol during the freeze drying of a maltose solution (Table IV from [1.74]).

In gasoline-methanol mixtures containing 0.1% water i-propanol is added to the environment (medium) in order to decrease the phase separation temperature. Fuels containing different ratios of gasoline-methanol-i-propanol and water are also composed, which are proved to be stable in the climatic conditions. An increase in the aromatic character of the gasoline, a decrease in the water content of the mixtme, an increase in the amount of the additive used results in a decrease in the phase separation temperature of the mixture. In gasoline-ethanol mixtures the additive used is also i-propanol. In gasoline-alcohol mixtures various additives like i-propanol, n-butanol, i-butanol, and i-amylalcohol are used. 

When prometryn in aqueous solution was exposed to UV light for 3 h, the herbicide was completely converted to hydroxypropazine. Irradiation of soil suspensions containing prometryn was found to be more resistant to photodecomposition. About 75% of the applied amount was converted to hydroxypropazine after 72 h of exposure (Khan, 1982). The UV (A = 253.7 nm) photolysis of prometryn in water, methanol, ethanol, /i-butanol, and benzene yielded 2-methylthio-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine. At wavelengths >300 nm, photodegradation was not observed (Pape and Zabik, 1970). Khan and Gamble (1983) also studied the UV irradiation (A = 253.7 nm) of prometryn in distilled water and dissolved humic substances. In distilled water, 2-hydroxy-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-5-triazine and 4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-5-triazine formed as major products. 

The solids analysis described above can be taken to yet another level by correlating the color measurement to chemical properties. An excellent model system is vanadium pyrophosphate (VPO), which is a well-known catalyst for butane oxidation to maleic anhydride. During the synthesis of the catalyst precursor, solid V2O5 particles are dispersed in a mixture of benzyl alcohol and i-butanol. In this slurry phase, the vanadium is partly reduced. Addition of phosphoric acid leads to a further reduction and the formation of the VPO structure. With a diffuse reflectance (DR) UV-vis probe by Fiberguide Ind., the surface of the suspended solid particles could be monitored during this slurry reaction. Four points can be noted from Figure 4.4 ... 

Figure 1. Carbonylation and homologation of a methanol-i-butanol mixture.

Figure 2. Homologation of mixtures of i-butyl formate-i-butanol.

Figure 3. Carbonylation and homologation of methanol-methyl formate, i-butanol-i-butyl formate mixture.

Amination of i-butanol to diisobutylamine was investigated on vanadium modified granulated Raney nickel catalyst in a fixed bed reactor. The addition of 0.5 wt.% V to Raney nickel improved the yield of amines and the stability of catalyst. Factorial experimental design was used to describe the conversion of alcohol, the yield and the selectivity of secondary amine as a function of strong parameters, i.e. the reaction temperature, space velocity and NHs/i-butanol molar ratio. Diisobutylamine was obtained with 72% yield at 92% conversion and reaction parameters P=13 bar, T=240°C, WHSV=1 g/g h, and molar ratios NH3/iBuOH= 1.7, H2/NH3= 1.9. 

Figure 1. Amination of i-butanol. Time-on-stream experiment.

Figure 2. Amination of i-butanol. Effect of NFl3/i-BuOFl ratio on (iBu)2NFl yield. Reaction condition T=225°C WFlSV=1.0g/8gcataiyst h9 Fl2/NFl3=1.6...

Fig. 9.4.23 Dispersibility of colloidal systems of a kind of metals in various organic liquids. er. Relative dielectric constant of liquids A, electron affinity disp, dispersion (O) floe, flocculation ( ) upon stirring, the suspension becomes turbid then particles slowly sediment) coag, coagulation ( immediately after stirring of the suspension, particles aggregate again to sediment). ( ) Boundary between disp and floe ( ) boundary between Hoc and coag. Broken lines divide each region, (a) Hexane, (b) benzene, (c) diethyl ether, (d) ethyl acetate, (e) letrahydrofuran. (0 dichloroethane. (g) benzyl alcohol, (h) 2-butanol, (i) butanol, (j) acetone, (k) ethanol. (From Ref, 23.)...

Solvent system I Butanol-(l) Acetic Acid Water (4 1 5) upper layer II Acetic Acid Water (40 60) III Ethylacetate Butanone(2) Formic Acid Water (5 3 1 1) ... 

Di methylo I butanol or Bis(hydroxy methyl-butanol and Derivatives... 

Primary alcohols react readily with keiene lo form acetic esters but tertiary alcohols require the calalytic help of sulfuric acid. Even with primary alcohols, us I-butanol. it has been established that addition of keiene ceases at about the 755 conversion point unless a little sulfuric acid is present as catalyst. Phenol, which is inert toward ketene at ordinary temperature, may he cun verted into pheny l acetate by reaction at the boiling point of phenol or hy reaction at room temperature if a trace of sulfuric acid is present. 

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