Hypothesis creation

Similar convection-diffusion equations to the Navier-Stokes equation can be formulated for enthalpy or species concentration. In all of these formulations there is always a superposition of diffusive and convective transport of a field quantity, supplemented by source terms describing creation or destruction of the transported quantity. There are two fundamental assumptions on which the Navier-Stokes and other convection-diffusion equations are based. The first and most fundamental is the continuum hypothesis it is assumed that the fluid can be described by a scalar or vector field, such as density or velocity. In fact, the field quantities have to be regarded as local averages over a large number of particles contained in a volume element embracing the point of interest. The second hypothesis relates to the local statistical distribution of the particles in phase space the standard convection-diffusion equations rely on the assumption of local thermal equilibrium. For gas flow, this means that a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is assumed for the velocity of the particles in the frame-of-reference co-moving with the fluid. Especially the second assumption may break dovm when gas flow at high temperature or low pressure in micro channels is considered, as will be discussed below. 

Although these two observations and models give different interpretations about the important factors governing the creation of ( °Th)/( U) disequilibria beneath ridges, it is important to note that the two models are not in contradiction of one another. Indeed, examination of the NE Pacific ridges are consistent with both models both ridges have similar slopes consistent with the spreading rate hypothesis while the Juan de Fuca has... 

Conclusion with regard to stock of hypotheses and model Due to the vulnerability of the automotive industry to public scandals the subject of carcinogenic fibres in catalytic converters was not discussed openly by the automotive industry ( Emotional drivers - Hypothesis 4). The creation of a round table comprising official bodies, automotive manufacturers, catalytic converter manufacturers, filling material manufacturers and scientists can be considered as an instrament supporting innovation. (Hypothesis 10 - Cooperation networks ). 

The field of the origin of life has progressed very much from the time of Stanley Miller s first experiment. However, the main hypothesis, that cellular life derives from inanimate matter, has not been demonstrated yet. It must then be considered still a working hypothesis. Not that we have alternatives within the realms of science, and I have outlined in Chapter 1 why divine creation cannot be considered as an alternative within science. Of course the question of God is not one that is solved in terms of rationality, but in terms of faith, and we are back to zero. 

THOMSON PRINCIPLE. The hypothesis that, if thermodynamically reversible and irreversible processes take place simultaneously in a system, the laws of thermodynamics may be applied to the reversible process while ignoring for this purpose the creation of entropy due to die irreversible process. Applied originally by Thomson to the case of... 

In many ways, the creation of the periodic table by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869 is an ideal example of how a scientific theory develops. At first there is only random information—a large number of elements and many observations about their properties and behavior. As more and more facts become known, people try to organize the data in ways that make sense, until ultimately a consistent hypothesis emerges. 

Molecular recognition, defined as the favored binding of a molecule (i.e., a substrate) to a specific site in a receptor over other structurally and chemically related molecules, is at the forefront of science.1 s Long before man walked on this earth, nature had succeeded in the creation of a series of biologically based recognition elements with unmatched specificity antibodies, enzymes, and receptors. Perhaps the simplest well-known example of this concept is the lock and key hypothesis that has been used to describe protein-substrate interactions in biological systems.5-7... 

In designing and analyzing the various aspects of a trial, the statistician uses inferential reasoning and methodology. The formation of a testable hypothesis, the creation of a protocol for hypothesis testing, probability estimation, and decision-making all involve inferential reasoning. 

In some works a tendency toward convergence of the volcanogenicsedimentary and clastic-sedimentary hypotheses is noted. Belevtsev et al. (1966), who considered mainly the clastic-sedimentary hypothesis, postulate the extensive occurrence of acid waters in the Precambrian hydrosphere as the result of intensive volcanic activity. Tyapkin and Fomenko (1969) believe that the main source of iron and silica in the Precambrian was the basic rocks which were the chief constituent of the Earth s crust at that time, but that some was also derived from basaltic rocks erupted along abyssal faults and other products of basic volcanism. In this case it is impossible to deny the possibility that part of the iron and silica was supplied to the sea basins along with products of volcanic activity. In this scheme the role of volcanic activity in the formation of the BIF comes down chiefly to the creation of acid environments which promoted the leaching of iron compounds from basic rocks and its transport and subsequent accumulation. The primary banding is explained by periodic revival and extinction of volcanic activity, as a result of which the pH of the water basin varied, which ultimately led to deposition of iron or cherty sediments in turn. The periodicity of those cycles might have been of the order of several hundred years. 

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