Hypothalamus, neurochemical

Cattabem F., Maggi A, Monduzzi M, De Angelis L, and Racagm G (1978) GABA circadian fluctuations in rat hypothalamus / Neurochem, 31, 565-567. 

Dopamine has an alerting effect. Neurochemicals involved in wakefulness include norepinephrine and acetylcholine in the cortex and histamine and neuropeptides (e.g., substance P and corticotropin-releasing factor) in the hypothalamus. 

Kirby LG, Chou-Green JM, Davis K, Lucki I (1997) The effects of different stressors on extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Brain Res 760 218-230 Kirby LG, Rice KC, Valentino RJ (2000) Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on neuronal activity in the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus. Neuropsychopharmacology 22 148-162 Kozicz T, Yanaihara H, Arimura A (1998) Distribution of urocortin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat. J Comp Neurol 391 1-10 Lavicky J, Dunn AJ (1993) Corticotropin-releasing factor stimulates catecholamine release in hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex in freely moving rats as assessedby microdialysis. J Neurochem 60 602-612... 

Stanley, B.G., Kyrkouli, S.E., Lampert, S., et al. (1986) Neuropeptide Y chronically injected into the hypothalamus a powerful neurochemical inducer of hyperphagia and obesity. Peptides 7 1189— 1192. 

Rollema H, Clarke T, Sprouse JS, Schulz DW. Combined administration of a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT1D) antagonist and a 5-HT reuptake inhibitor syneigis-tically increases 5-HT release in guinea pig hypothalamus in vivo. J Neurochem 1996 67 2204-2207. 

Thomas EA, Cravatt BF, Sutcliffe JG. The endogenous lipid oleamide activates serotonin 5-HT7 neurons in mouse thalamus and hypothalamus. J Neurochem 1999 72 2370-2378. 

In adult rats, perikarya of TIDA neurons, originally described as comprising the A12 cell group (Dahlstrom and Fuxe, 1964), are distributed throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the ARC and adjacent periventricular nucleus of the mediobasal hypothalamus. Two populations of TH-containing neurons have been identified based on their neurochemical... 

Fuxe K, Agnati LF, Andersson K, Eneroth P, Harfstrand A, Goldstein M, Zoli M (1984) Studies on neurotensin-catecholamine interactions in the hypothalamus and in the forebrain of the male rat. Neurochem Int 6 737-750. 

Lavicky J, Dunn A (1993) Corticotropin-releasing factor stimulates catecholamine release in hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex in freely moving rats as assessed by microdialysis. J Neurochem 60 601-612. 

Leshin LS, Kraeling RR, Kiser TE (1995) Immunocytochemical localization of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-P-hydroxylase, in the hypothalamus of cattle. J Neurochem Anat 9 175-194. 

Adrenergic variability may be a neurochemical cause of blepharospasm. Decreased norepinephrine levels have been identified in the hypothalamus, mamillary bodies, and locus ceruleus, whereas increased norepinephrine levels have been identified in the dorsal raphe nucleus, red nucleus, substantia nigra, and thalamus. A neurochemical abnormality, if it exists, appears to result from a loss of inhibitory adrenergic input to the locus ceruleus, which supplies information to the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord, resulting in adrenergic excess at the distal sites. This neurochemical abnormality may be genetically identifiable in 33% of patients. 

Taylor, E.C. Lenard, K. Dibenzo[b,d]pyrans and Process 1968 US 3,38S,136 Thomas, E.A., Cravatt, B.F., Sutcliffe, J.G. The Endogenous Lipid oleamide activates serotonin 5-HT7 Neurons in Mouse Thalamus and Hypothalamus J Neurochem 1999 72 2370-2378... 

Mathew, J., and Bala subramanian, A. S., Arylsulfatase C and estrone sulfatase of sheep hypothalamus, preoptic area and mid brain Separation by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and evidence for diferences in their lipid environment. J. Neurochem. 39,1205-1209 (1982). 

Aggressiveness results from the failure of inhibitory neurochemical processes or exaggeration of stimulatory processes in brain regions, such as the orbito-ffontal cortex, the septal area, hippocampus, amygdala, caudate nucleus, thalamus, ventro-medial and posterior hypothalamus, midbrain tegmentum, pons, and the fastigial nuclei and anterior lobe of the cerebellum. 

Connections from chemosensory regions do connect to neurochemically-defined circuits in the MPOA and hypothalamus that mediate flank marking (Albers et al, 2002) but there is no available evidence yet to show how chemical cues alter these neurons, let alone how this might lead to differential marking toward male odors. 

Perez, V. J., and Olney, J. W., 1972, Accumulation of glutamic acid in arcuate nucleus of infant mouse hypothalamus following subcutaneous administration of the amino acid, J. Neurochem. 19 1777—1781. 

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