Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia

An example of a disease that can cause hyperglycemia is diabetes mellitus, which occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce 

A glucose solution is given to determine blood glucose levels. 

SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.1 Drawing the Haworth Structure for o-Glucose 

D-Glucose has the following open-chain structure. Draw the Haworth structure for D-glucose. 

Step 1 TWn the open-chain structure clockwise by 90°. The —H and —OH groups 

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MCPEAK P, RUKMiNi c, REDDY SASTRY c (2001) Supportive therapy for diabetes, hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. US Patent 6,303,586 Bl. 

Acyclic cyanomethyl adamantanyl derivatives, (I), prepared by Magnin (3) were effective as DPP-IV inhibitors and used in treating Type II diabetes, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia. 

Penney, D. G., Helfman, C. C., Dunbar, J. C., McCoy, L. E. (1991). Acute severe carbon monoxide exposure in the rat Effects of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia on mortality, recovery, and neurological deficit. Canadian Journal of Physiology, 69, 1168-1177. 

Anderson JH, Jr, Brunelle RL, Keohane P, Koivisto VA, Trautmann ME, Vignati L et al. Mealtime treatment with insulin analog improves postprandial hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Multicenter Insulin Lispro Study Group. Arch Intern Med 1997 157(11) 1249-1255. 

D. Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. A variety of dmgs and disease states can cause alterations in the serum glucose level (Table 1-25). A patient s blood glucose level can be altered by nutritional state, endogenous insulin levels, and endocrine and liver functions and by the presence of various dmgs or toxins. 

Know the symptoms of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia and the health care provider s method for terminating a hypoglycemic reaction. 

Metabolic effects Salicylates cause uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation which leads to conversion of energy into heat and may thus produce hyperpyrexia and increased protein catabolism. Larger dose produces hyperglycemia and glycosuria in normal individual while in diabetic patient it produces hypoglycemia which may be due to an enhanced peripheral utilization of glucose and inhibition of... 

There has been a systematic review of 11 studies of at least 10 weeks duration, comparing soluble insulin with the analogues lispro and, in one case, aspart in pumps (190). The analogue produced a small, significant improvement in HbAic. There were no differences in hypoglycemia. Ketosis, hyperglycemia, and clogging were not common. 

However, hyperglycemia was reported in three patients taking gatifloxacin (200 mg/day) and hypoglycemia in one patient (433,434,435). The mechanism of hypoglycemia,... 

The importance of the liver is shown by the failure of hyperglycemia to occur when the liver is depleted of glycogen by fasting. Either total adrenalectomy or removal of the adrenal medulla alone prevents postinjury hyperglycemia and may cause hypoglycemia. 

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