Hydroxyvalerate polymers

Luo S, Grubb DT, Netravah AN (2002) The effect of molecular weight on the lamellar structure, thermal and mechanical properties of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerates). Polymer 43 4159 166... 

Saito M, Inoue Y, Yoshie N (2001) CodystaUization and phase segregation of blends ofjxrly (3-hydroxybutyrate)and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Polymer 42 5573-5580 Saito Y, Nakamma S, Hiramitsu M, Doi Y (1996) Microbial synthesis and properties of poly(3-hydrloxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate). Polym Int 39 169-174 Salimon J, Abdullah R (2008) Physicochemical properties of Malaysian Jatmpha curcas seed oil. Sains Malaysiana 37 379-382... 

Satoh, H., Yoshie, N., Inoue, Y. Hydrolytic degradation of blends of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Polymer 35(2), 286-290 (1994)... 

Madden L.A. and Andrason, A.J., 1998, Synthesis and characterization of poly(3-hydroxy-butyrate and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) polymer mixtures produced in high-density fed-batch cultures of Ralstonia eutropha Alcaligenes eutrophus). Macromolecules 31 5660... 

Oigan SJ (1994) Phase separation in blends of poly(hydroxybutyrate) with poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydiox5rvalerate) variation with blend components. Polymer 35 86-92 Oigan SJ, Barham PJ (1993) Phase separation in a blend of poly(hydroxybutyrate) with poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate). Polymer 34 459-467 Ouyang SP, Liu Q, Fang L, Chen GQ (2007) Construction of a p/w-operon-defined knockout mutants of Pseudcmonas putida KT2442 and their applications in poly(hydroxyalkanoate) production. Macromol Biosd 7 227—233... 

Yoshie N, Saito M, Inouye Y (2004) Effect of chemical compositional distribution on solid-state structure and properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Polymer 45 1903-1911... 

Deroine M, Le Duigou A, Cone YM, Le Gac PY, Davies P, Cesar G, Biuzaud S (2014) Seawater accelerated ageing of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Polym Degrad Stab... 

The polyhydroxyalkanoates represents a range of polyesters produced from renewable resources by bacterial fermentation. The class includes the 3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate polymers marketed under the Biopol trademark. 

Rule, R.J., and Liggat, J., 1995, Time-resolved synchrotron small angle x-ray scattering studies of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) polymers. Po/ymer 36 3831-3840. 

Renstad, R., Karlsson, S., Albertsson, A-C., Werner, P.-E. and Westdahl, M. (1997) Influence of processing parameters on the mass crystallinity of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), Polym. Int. 43,201-209. 

Yue, C.L., R.A. Gross, S.P. McCarthy. 1996. Composting studies of poly(B-hydroxybut5Tate-co-/3-hydroxyvalerate). Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 51 205-210. 

Lannace, S., Ambrosio, L., Huang, S.J. and Nicolais, L. 1994. Poly(3- hydroxybutyrate)-co-(3-hydroxyvalerate)/poly-l-lactide blends thermal and mechanical properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 54 1525-35. 

GPC proved to be a method extraordinarily well suited to the analysis and purification of 9-phenylcarbazole monodendrons, naturally branched polymers.12 Monodendrons up to generation four, molecular weight 16.6 kDa, were separated by GPC. Branching, introduced into bacterially produced poly(hydroxy butyrate) by co-polymerization with hydroxyvaleric acid, was analyzed by GPC in chloroform with on-line viscometry.13... 

The successful use of crop plants as a production method for biopolymer not only depends on the amount of PHA accumulated in plants but also on the type and quality of the PHA synthesized. Since poly(3HB) is a polymer with poor physical characteristics [16], it was important to engineer plants for the synthesis of PHA co-polymers with better physical characteristics. Poly(3-hydroxybu-tyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [poly(3HB-co-3HV)] is the best studied co-poly-mer. Poly(3HB-co-3HV) has lower crystallinity, and is more flexible and less brittle than poly(3HB) homopolymer [16]. Synthesis of poly(3HB-co-3HV) in bacteria was first achieved by fermentation of R. eutropha on glucose and propionic acid [2]. For a number of years, production of poly(3HB-co-3HV),... 

First, the short chain length PHAs, poly(HASCL), are composed of monomeric units containing up to 5 carbon atoms. The most well-known representatives are poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), and its copolymers with hydroxyvalerate. Of all the PHAs, PHB is by far the most commonly encountered in nature [18]. It is the simplest PHA with respect to chemical structure, having a methylene (-CH3) group as the pendent R-unit in Fig. 1. Owing to its enzymatic synthesis, PHB has an exceptional stereochemical regularity. The chains are linear and the chiral centers all are in the R-stereochemical conformation, which implies that this polymer is completely isotactic. 

A co-polymer of P(3-HB) and poly(hydroxyvalerate) P(3-HV) is also found in microorganisms and performs the same function. This polyester forms the basis for a good strong but flexible plastic for containers such as toiletries, and is produced by ICI under the name BIOPOL . Microorganisms must be able to degrade both P(3-HB) and BIOPOL since they themselves use them to store energy. 

---