Hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine

DIGOXIN CHLOROQUINE, HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE Chloroquine may t plasma concentrations of digoxin Uncertain at present Monitor digoxin levels watch for digoxin toxicity... 

Volin, P. Simple and specific reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method with diode-array detection for simultaneous determination of serum hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine and some corticosteroids. J.Chromatogr.B, 1995, 666, 347-353... 

Risk of bleeding or hemorrhage is increased with concommitant administration of aspirin, ibuprofen, anticoagulants/thrombolytics, dextran, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, dipyridamole, several penicillins and cephalosporins, valproic acid, divalproex, plicamycin, methimazole, propylthiouracil, probenecid, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine. Decreased anticoagulation effect with digitalis, tetracyclines, antihistamines, nicotine. 

Hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine are often useful for patients with skin sarcoidosis (41). Their side-effect profile is much better than that of corticosteroids. However their maximum effect is often not achieved for several months. Therefore, they are often started simultaneously with corticosteroids, and the corticosteroids are tapered over several months while the antimalarials take effect. They cannot be used in patients with G6PD deficiency. Either drug, especially chloroquine, may cause retinal damage (41). Patients on antimalarial agents must therefore have regular ophthalmologic examinations. 

The adverse reactions associated witii die administration of chloroquine (Aralen HC1 and phosphate) and hydroxychloroquine include hypotension, electrocardiographic changes, visual disturbances, headache, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. 

Benzocaine, P-lactams, chloramphenicol, chloroquine, dapsone, hydroxychloroquine, methylene blue, nitrofurantoin, phenazopy-ridine, rasburicase, and sulfonamide antimicrobials... 

Chloroquine- Chloroquine 300 mg (base) once 5 mg (base)/kg of body Hydroxychloroquine sulfate 310... 

Hydroxychloroquine, like chloroquine, is also used for treating acute forms of malaria caused by P vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, and also sensitive forms of P. falciparum. It is also effective and safe like chloroquine, although it does not have obvious advantages. The only advantage is that it is somewhat better tolerated. Its use is somewhat more limited than chloroquine. Synonyms of this drug are plaquenil, quensyl, toremonil, and others. 

Amodiaquin is also a structural analog of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, and it does not express any vital differences in terms of activity. Therefore it is used less often than the drugs described above. Synonyms of this drug are flavoquine and camoquin. 

Malaria is the cause for approximately 20% of child deaths in Africa and for more than 1 million deaths around the world each year. The appearance and spread of drug resistance of the Plasmodium falciparum parasites to common antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, have posed the urgent challenge of developing effective, safe and affordable antimalarial drugs. 

Chloroquine but especially hydroxychloroquine is used for RA that has proved to be refractory to... 

Corneal deposits during the long-term treatment of RA are not uncommon but the most prominent concern is the danger of producing irreversible retinal damage. At the usual antirheumatic doses these risks seem to be less for hydroxychloroquine than for chloroquine. 

Hydroxychloroquine Plaquenil) and chloroquine Ara-len) are 4-aminoquinoline antimalarial drugs that possess modest DMARD activity. They are indicated for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus their use as antimalarials is detailed in Chapter 53. The onset of action of these drugs is longer than that of other DMARDs, and their side effects are relatively mild. Because of this, these agents show promise as ingredients of combination therapies for rheumatoid arthritis. 

Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are similar in activity however, hydroxychloroquine has a lower incidence of ocular side effects and is used more frequently. These drugs are weak bases that enter and interfere with the functioning of lysosomes and other subcellular compartments of T- and B-lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. This in turn inhibits the ability of these cells to produce and release inflammatory cytokines and hydrolytic enzymes. 

Like dapsone, the antimalarial drugs chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and quinacrine are useful in some noninfectious skin diseases, although the mechanism of their therapeutic effect is unknown. Their pharmacology is discussed in Chapter 53. 

Hydroxychloroquine is approved for the treatment of both systemic and cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Both chloroquine and quinacrine (Atabrine) are also effective in this skin disease. Low-dose chloroquine is used for the therapy of porphyria cutanea tarda in patients in whom phlebotomy has failed or is contraindicated. Other skin diseases in which the drugs are useful (after sunscreens and avoidance of sun exposure) include polymorphous light eruption and solar urticaria. 

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