Hydroxyamphetamine 4

Soares ME, Carvalho F, Bastos ML. 2001. Determination of amphetamine and its metabolite p-hydroxyamphetamine in rat urine by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography after dabsyl derivatization. Biomed Chromatogr 15(7) 452-426. 

Hydrochlorobezethylamine, 59 Hydrochlorothiazide, 358 Hydrocodone, 288, 291 Hydrocortisone, 190 Hydrocortisone acetate, 190 Hydroflumethazide, 358 Hydromorphone, 288 Hydroxyamphetamine, 71 Hydroxychloroquine, 342 Hydroxylation... 

If the lesion of Horner s syndrome is postganglionic, indirectly acting sympathomimetics (eg, cocaine, hydroxyamphetamine) will not dilate the abnormally constricted pupil because catecholamines have been lost from the nerve endings in the iris. In contrast, the pupil dilates in response to phenylephrine, which acts directly on the a receptors on the smooth muscle of the iris. 

The metabolism of amphetamine has been studied in those presenting with amphetamine psychosis. In the presence of acidified urine, the renal elimination of amphetamine increased significantly. The intensity of the psychosis was found to correlate with the amount of basic polar metabolites excreted in the urine, such as norephedrine and p-hydroxyamphetamine, and not with the plasma amphetamine concentration. This suggests that these metabolites may play an important role in the development of paranoid psychosis in chronic amphetamine users.6... 

EXTENSIONS AND COMMENT ARY Here is another example of the presentation of a compound for which there has not yet been an effective level determined. Why For a very good reason. This is an example of a whole class of compounds that I have called the pseudos, or the -compounds. Pseudo- as a prefix in the literary world generally stands for false. A pseudopod is a thing that looks like a foot, but isn t one. A pseudonym is a fictitious name. But in chemistry, it has quite a different meaning. If something has a common name, and there is a second form (or isomer, or shape, or orientation) that is possible and it doesn t have a common name, it can be given the name of the first form with a pseudo- attached. Ephedrine is the erythro-isomer of N-methyl-13-hydroxyamphetamine. There is a second stereoisomer, the threo- isomer, but it has no trivial name. So it is called pseudoephedrine, or the Sudafed of sinus decongestant fame. 

The main metabolic reaction is the deamination of amphetamine with the formation of phenylacetone, which is subsequently oxidized to benzoic acid, then conjugated with glycine to form hippuric acid. Side reactions include aromatic hydroxylation to form 4-hydroxyamphetamine (an active metabolite), the stereoselective [i-hydroxy-lation for the isomer (+) of amphetamine leading to the formation of norephedrine (phenylpropanolamine) and finally the N-oxidation leading to the formation of a hydroxylamine derivative. The products of the hydroxyl and aromatic N-oxides can be conjugated with sulfate or glucuronic acid [18]. 

Excretion of amphetamine is markedly dependent on urinary pH, being greatly increased in acid urine. After large doses, amphetamine may be detected in urine for several days. Under uncontrolled urinary pH conditions, about 30% of the dose is excreted unchanged in the urine in 24 hours and a total of about 90% of the dose is excreted in 3 to 4 days. The amount excreted unchanged in 24 hours may increase to 74% of the dose in acid urine and decrease to 1 to 4% in alkaline urine under alkaline conditions, hippuric acid and benzoic acid account for about 50% of the urinary material. Under normal conditions 16 to 28% is excreted as hippuric acid, about 4% as benzoylglucuronide, 2 to 4% as 4-hydroxyamphetamine and about 2% as norephedrine in 24 hours small amounts of conjugated 4-hydroxynorephedrine and phenylacetone are also excreted. No elimination in the faeces has been detected. 

Dose. Hydroxyamphetamine hydrobromide has been given in doses of 60 to 240 mg daily. 

Disposition in the Body. Absorbed after oral administration. About 80% of a dose is excreted in the urine in 24 hours with up to 15% of the dose as unchanged drug, about 25% as free 4-hydroxyamphetamine, 50% as conjugated 4-hydroxyampheta-mine, and 5% each as 4-hydroxynorephedrine and a conjugated... 

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