Hydrous ethanol

Because water is a product and the recycle ethanol will be wet, the ethanol feedstock need not be the highest grade, but instead the easier to produce hydrous ethanol (95% ethanol). If the reaction temperature is low, there should be no contamination from acetylene, which is a problem with higher temperature routes. 

Alcohol-free reagent can be made by melting sodium under xylene and stirring or shaking" to produce powdered sodium. The solvent is decanted, the metal is washed repeatedly with ether and covered with ether, and one equivalent of tui-hydrous ethanol is added. The mixture is allowed to stand overnight to complete the reaction and give a suspension of sodium ethoxide. 

When the ethanol is not blended but used as such as fuel, hydrous ethanol (e.g. 95%) can be applied. In a cascade-type continuous set-up [27] a partial evaporation of the fermentation liquid was carried out and the ethanol-water mixture was passed over a H-ZSM5 zeolite (350 °C, 1 atm). As in the MTG (methanol to gasoline) [28, 29] process a mixture of alkanes (mainly C3-C5) and aromatics (mainly toluene, xylenes and C<)-compounds) was obtained. In this approach the ethanol-water separation is avoided the hydrocarbons and water are non-miscible and separate by gravity. Though its octane number is good there is no future in MTG-gasoline because of the trend to lower the aromatics content. 

Dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNP) Reagent. Dissolve 3 g of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in 15 mL to 20 mL of concentrated suUuric acid. Add this solution with stirring to a solution of 10 mL distilled water in 70 mL of 95% hydrous ethanol. Use the filtrate to test for the presence of aldehydes and ketones as follows To 2 mL of the solution add 10 drops of the unknown. A precipitate (which may be recrystallized from 95% hydrous ethanol) is indicative of a positive test and its melting point... 

For the next comparison level, the pretreatment-conversion flowsheets were complemented with a separation step to produce a hydrous ethanol stream with a composition below the azeotrope point (Figure 2.8). This separation system is similar to the one reported by Wooley et al. (1999). The column specifications for the separation scheme are presented in Table 2.7. 

For the preparation of tris(ethylenediamine)nickel(II) chloride 2-hydrate, 28 g. of 70% aqueous ethylenediamine is added to a solution of 23.8 g. (0.1 mol) of NiCl2 6H20 in 100 to 150 ml. of water. The purple solution is filtered to remove the small amount of hydrous iron oxide which precipitates and is then evaporated to a volume of 60 to 70 ml. on a steam bath. Two drops of ethylenediamine are added, and the solution is cooled in an ice bath. The orchid-colored crystals that form are collected by suction, washed twice with 95 % ethanol, and air-dried. The yield is 28.6 g. (80%). Several more grams may be recovered from the mother liquor by adding ethanol and cooling. Anal. Calcd. for [Ni(C2H8N2)3]Cl2-2H20 Ni, 16.97% Cl, 20.50%. Found Ni, 16.87% Cl, 20.48%. 

The synthesis of nanocrystalline Ti02, which is an important photocatalyst for the decomposition of toxic chemicals, is one of the more thoroughly investigated solvothermal/hydrothermal reactions. Approaches to this preparation have involved the decomposition of metal alkoxides, [158] a TOPO-capped autoclave synthesis of Ti02 by metathetic reachon [159] and decomposihon of a metal N-nitroso-N-phenylhydroxylamine complex [160,161]. In 1988, Oguri and coworkers reported the preparahon of anatase by hydrothermally processing hydrous htania prepared by the controlled hydrolysis of Ti(OEt)4 in ethanol [162]. The reachon condihons leading to monodispersed anatase nanoparhcles by this approach... 

Chlorination of Acetaldehyde. In some commercial processes for chloral, acetaldehyde, or its condensation product, paraldehyde is chlorinated under hydrous conditions. In some cases this has an advantage over the chlorination of ethanol as only 3 moles of chlorine are required as compared with the 4 moles used in the ethanol process ... 

The use of hydrous titanium (IV) oxide rather than hydrous zirconium (IV) oxide seemed to be necessary because of the conditions prevailing in the fermentation. The acetification of ethanol takes place at about pH 3, in which region hydrous zirconium (IV) oxide is not completely precipitated i. e. there are still many zirconium (IV) ions in solution. Hydrous titanium (IV) oxide, by comparison, is fully precipitated at this pH and results obtained on the insolubilisation of starch by... 

Sources Naphtha Europe - CMAI Propylene Europe Contract-CMAI Benzene Europe-ICIS Sugar No. 11 - ICE Ethanol (Hydrous) Brazil - Cepea Glucose in Corn (65%) - CBOT. 

Fig. 18.1. Schematic representation of rigid skeletons in hydrous oxides (a) a three-dimensional lattice in which small cation sites are interconnected (e.g. Nasicon, H2Sb40,. nHjO, hydrogen P-alumina) (b) crystalline heteropolyacids with Keggin anions and interconnected liquid containing protonic species particle hydrate structure is assumed to be of the same type but disordered (c) layer structure (as in e.g. clays, VjOj) (d) skeleton of a gel obtained by alkoxide hydrolysis of a complex composition (solvent in the pores is a water-ethanol mixture) (e) porous glass obtained by thermal treatment of the above gel.

Anhydrous ethanol means an ethyl alcohol that has a purity of >99%, exclusive of added denaturants, meeting the requirements of ASTM D4806. Hydrous (or wet, also sometimes known as azeotropic) ethanol is the most concentrated grade of ethanol that can be produced by simple distillation, without the further dehydration step necessary to produce anhydrous (or dry) ethanol. 

Kennedy JF, Humphreys JD, Barker SA, Greenshields RN (1980) Application of living immobilized cells to the acceleration of the continuous conversions of ethanol (wort) to acetic acid (vinegar) by hydrous titanium (IV) oxide-immobilized Acetobacter species. Enz Microbiol Technol 2 209-216... 

A mixed Cu(l)-Cu(ll) system in situ generated from partial reduction of CUSO4 with glucose in ethanol (nonan-hydrous) under open air, efficiently catalyzes the cascade reaction of A -coupling-cycloisomerization toward synthesis of N-fused imidazoles [113]. In this catalytic process, various heterocyclic amidines, even the poorly reactive... 

The fermentation of biomass to ethanol and its subsequent use as a fuel has been investigated in numerous projects (e.g. Concawe/EUCAR 2007 and the BrewProject) [32, 33]. Different biomass feedstocks, e.g. wheat, sugar beet, wood and sfraw, have been taken into account in these studies. However, when comparing separate studies of the same raw material results vary between studies. Some possible reasons are variation in geographical scope, different alcohol contents (anhydrous or hydrous, if stated at all) under different methodological choices such as allocation and how the alternative use of the material for other purposes has been dealt with. 

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