Hydrostatic pressure, local

Decrease in residual saturation is ascribed to changes in microscopic displacement caused by differences in hydrostatic pressure local changes in surface curvature over the above range... 

Interna.la.nd External Pressure. The difference la pressure between the iaside of a tank or its vapor space and local barometric or atmospheric pressure is called internal pressure. When the internal pressure is negative it is simply called a vacuum. The pressure is measured at the top of the hquid ia the tank because the Hquid itself exerts hydrostatic pressure, thus increa sing to a maximum value at the base of the tank. 

During the second period, the cake grows because of the absence of flow. It may grow to a point at which it locally but completely fills the annulus Bridging takes place and the hydrostatic pressure is no longer transmitted to the deeper zones. From the typical mudcake resistance it can be estimated that under both dynamic and static conditions, the fluid loss could require reduction to an American Petroleum Institutue (API) value lower than what is generally considered a fair control of fluid loss. 

A stress that is describable by a single scalar can be identified with a hydrostatic pressure, and this can perhaps be envisioned as the isotropic effect of the (frozen) medium on the globular-like contour of an entrapped protein. Of course, transduction of the strain at the protein surface via the complex network of chemical bonds of the protein 3-D structure will result in a local strain at the metal site that is not isotropic at all. In terms of the spin Hamiltonian the local strain is just another field (or operator) to be added to our small collection of main players, B, S, and I (section 5.1). We assign it the symbol T, and we note that in three-dimensional space, contrast to B, S, and I, which are each three-component vectors. T is a symmetrical tensor with six independent elements ... 

Fig. 9. (a) The distributed polish head extends the concept of hydrostatic pressure by integrating polish blocks in the carrier design to ensure that locally the spatial variation in the polish pressure is low, (b) Schematic representation of the region on a wafer that a polish block may contact. 

The behaviour of the phonons can be related to pressure induced structural modifications. Unfortunately, for the Y123 compounds, the variation of the bond lengths as a function of pressure has been studied only for low pressures, up to 0.56 GPa [23] and there are no data available for an independent verification of the predictions of local structural modifications. The structural hydrostatic pressure measurements have found a similar pressure dependence of the a- and c-axes for the underdoped and overdoped Y123, while, for the b axis, the underdoped exhibits a larger compression ( 20%) than the overdoped sample [23], The Raman data for low pressures... 

The influence of temperature and strain rate can be well represented by Eyring s law physical aging leads to an increase of the yield stress and a decrease of ductility the yield stress increases with hydrostatic pressure, and decreases with plasticization effect. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that constant strain rate. Structure-property relationships display similar trends e.g., chain stiffness through a Tg increase and yielding is favored by the existence of mechanically active relaxations due to local molecular motions (fi relaxation). 

In industry, hydrostatic pressure testing of pipes is still widely used to assess their resistance to this type of failure. Typical results are shown in Fig. 6 [57, 58], where failure times of HDPE pipes are given as a function of the circumferential (or hoop) stress. At relatively high stresses, ductile failure is observed (stage I) although deformation is initially homogeneous, small local variations (arising from variations in the specimen thickness, for exam-... 

These observations are particularly relevant to the experimental use of a-LTX in neurotransmission studies, since a-LTX has been shown in several systems to cause nonvesicular release by allowing leakage of cytoplasmic neurotransmitters (McMahon et al. 1990 Deri et al. 1993 Davletov et al. 1998). This flux could be mediated by the a-LTX channel itself, by local disruptions of cellular membranes, or by reversal of transmitter uptake pumps driven by Na+ gradient (see Section 3.4.3). Synaptosomes seem to be particularly sensitive to an increase in hydrostatic pressure, which may occur when influx of Na+ or Ca2+ leads to a concomitant influx of water. 

A similar modulating effect of cholesterol on the location of the local anesthetic tetracaine has been observed recently (5). The uncharged form of the tetracaine molecule intercalates deeply into DHPC bilayers in the gel state and is displaced to an environment close to the lipid-water interface by increasing the hydrostatic pressure, in other words, by increasing... 

In these equations, T is the temperature in the undisturbed fluid far from the surface and the pressure is, then, measured relative to the local hydrostatic pressure at this temperature of the undisturbed fluid. The dissipation term has been neglected in the energy equation (8.12) due to the low velocities involved. 

Applying the relation of parameters n, a, r (Eqs. (4.9) and (4.10)) and the dependence of hydrostatic pressure on foam column height (Eq. (1.39)), it is possible to derive the distribution of local foam expansion ratio along the height H. Assuming a border foam (i.e. neglecting the amount of liquid in films) one obtains from Eq. (4.10) and Eqs. (1.40) and (1.42) which account for the p dependence on r, the following relation... 

Cerebral edema not only increases local hydrostatic pressure and compromises blood flow further but also causes mass effect, brain shift and eventually brain herniation (Fig. 5.1). Death in the first week after cerebral infarction is often a result of these mass effects. 

The reverse flux of fluid from the interstitial to the vascular space (14) is caused by increased interstitial fluid pressure (12) and increased plasma protein concentration (oncotic pressure), hyperosmotemia, or both depending upon the intensity (above or below 50 -peak capacity) and duration of the exercise. Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure and increased plasma osmotic pressures retard the fluid shift from plasma to the interstitium. Equilibrium is reached when interstitial pressure balances capillary filtration pressure (24). After cessation of exercise, restitution of plasma volume takes 40-60 minutes (21,22) unless significant dehydration is present. The immediate post-exercise hyperosmotemia, the relative hyperproteinemia, and the reduction in systemic blood pressure contribute to the restoration of plasma volume. The reduction in blood pressure, which produces a fall in local hydrostatic pressure within the capillaries of the previously active muscle, is probably the single most important factor. 

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