Hydrophobic organic contaminations

Luthy RG, Aiken GR, Brusseau ML, Cunningham SD, Gschwend PM, Pignatello JJ, Reinhard M, Traina SJ, Weber WJ, Jr, Westall JC (1997) Sequestration of hydrophobic organic contaminants by geosorbents. Environ Sci Technol 31 3341-3347... 

Burgess RM, Terletskaya AV, Milyukin MV et al (2009) Concentration and distribution of hydrophobic organic contaminants and metals in the estuaries of Ukraine. Mar Pollut Bull 58 1103-1115... 

Huckins, J.N. Petty, J.D. Prest, H.F. Clark, R.C. Alvarez, D.A. Orazio, C.E. Lebo, J.A. Cranor, W.L. Johnson, B.T. 2002a, A Guide for the Use of Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) as Samplers of Waterborne Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants Publication No. 4690 American Petroleum Institute (API) Washington, DC. 

Lefkovitz, L.F. Crecelius, E.A. Gilfcil, T.J. 1994, The Use of Semipermeable Membrane Devices to Predict Bioaccumulation of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants. The 15 Annual meeting of Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Denver, CO Abstract WE25. 

DeVita and Crunkilton (1998) have examined QC associated with the use of SPMDs. The results of their study demonstrated that quality control measures applied to SPMD analysis met or surpassed conventional guidelines (EPA Method 610 for PAHs in water was used for this comparison) for precision and accuracy. This elevated level of data quality was achieved even though measurements of both overall precision and accuracy of SPMD data encompassed more steps (each with the potential for variability) than the conventional method. In summary, DeVita and Crunkilton (1998) found that QC measures could be used to validate data from the analysis of SPMDs used in the field. In view of the state of SPMD QC, it appears that the SPMD approach for monitoring hydrophobic organic contaminants is equivalent to some EPA-approved methods. 

Smer-Lauridsen, F. and Kjlholt, J. 2000, Identification of selected hydrophobic organic contaminants in wastewater with semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). Water Res. 34 3478—3482. 

Wang, Z. Wang, Y. Ma, M. Lu, Y. Huckins, J.N. 2002b, Use of triolein-SPMD to assess the bioconcentration processes of hydrophobic organic contaminants in file Huaihe River, China. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21 2378—2384. 

Crystalline salts of many organic acids and bases often have a maximum solubility in a mixture of water and water-miscible solvents. The ionic part of snch a molecule requires a strongly polar solvent, snch as water, to initiate dissociation. A mixture of water-miscible solvents hydrates and dissociates the ionic fraction of pollutants at a higher concentration than wonld either solvent alone. Therefore, from a practical point of view, the deliberate nse of a water-soluble solvent as a cosolvent in the formnlation of toxic organic chemicals can lead to an increased solnbility of hydrophobic organic contaminants in the aqueous phase and, conse-qnently, to a potential increase in their transport from land surface to groundwater. 

Backhus, D. A., Colloids in Groundwater Laboratory and Field Studies of Their Influence on Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants, Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1990. 

Skoglund RS, Swackhamer DL (1994) Environmental chemistry of lakes and reservoirs. In Baker LA (Ed) Processes affecting the uptake and fate of hydrophobic organic contaminants by phytoplankton. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, p 559... 

Swackhamer DL, Skoglund RS (1991) The role of phytoplankton in the partitioning of hydrophobic organic contaminants in water. In Baker RA (ed) Organic substances and sediments in water, vol II. Lewis, Chelsea, MI, p 91... 

High lipid levels in zebra mussels also contribute to their susceptibility to bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic contaminants including PAHs [132], However, lipid content varies seasonally in zebra mussels and Bruner et al. [136] found that bioconcentration of hydrophobic PAHs such as benz[a]pyrene were higher in high lipid, pre-spawn mussels than in low lipid, post-spawn mussels. On the other hand, the BCF of a less hydrophobic PAH, pyrene, was not affected by lipid content. Lipid content varied from 4 to 20% of the mussel dry mass and BCFs ranged from 1.3 x 104 to 3.5 x 104 for pyrene and from 4.1 x 104 to 8.4 x 104 for benz[a]pyrene. Lipid normalized BCFs ranged from 8.4 x 105 to 1.9 x 106 and from 3.1 x 106 to 4.7 x 106 for pyrene and benz[a]pyrene, respectively. 

Many hydrophobic organic contaminants pose a threat to human health because they bioaccumulate to high concentrations in predatory fish that are eaten by people. From a human health standpoint, there is little concern of... 

Literally hundreds of complex equilibria like this can be combined to model what happens to metals in aqueous systems. Numerous speciation models exist for this application that include all of the necessary equilibrium constants. Several of these models include surface complexation reactions that take place at the particle-water interface. Unlike the partitioning of hydrophobic organic contaminants into organic carbon, metals actually form ionic and covalent bonds with surface ligands such as sulfhydryl groups on metal sulfides and oxide groups on the hydrous oxides of manganese and iron. Metals also can be biotransformed to more toxic species (e.g., conversion of elemental mercury to methyl-mercury by anaerobic bacteria), less toxic species (oxidation of tributyl tin to elemental tin), or temporarily immobilized (e.g., via microbial reduction of sulfate to sulfide, which then precipitates as an insoluble metal sulfide mineral). 

Poster, D.L. and J.E. Baker. 1996a. Influence of submicron particles on hydrophobic organic contaminants in precipitation. 1. Concentrations and distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in rainwater. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30 341-348. 

Abstract Partitioning of two hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), phenanthrene... 

A potential limitation of surfactant-enhanced desorption is the observation that sorbed surfactant molecules can increase the sorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants (Edwards et al. 1994 Sun et al. 1995 Ko et al. 1998). Sun et al. (1995) reported that the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 increased the sorption of p,p -DDT, 2,2 ,4,4 ,5,5 -PCB, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene to a soil (joc= 0.001) at concentrations below CMC. At concentrations above CMC, the distribution coefficients (Kp) of the DDT and PCB studied were reduced to levels below their respective values in pure water. However, at a surfactant concentration of five times CMC, the Kp of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene was still a factor of three higher than Kp in pure water. Edwards et al. (1994) and Ko et al. (Ko et al. 1998) reported similar results for different groups of surfactants. 

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