Hydrolysis to glucose

Does not reduce ammoniacal silver nitrate or Fehling s solution. If, however, the sucrose solution is warmed for some time with the reagent in question, slight hydrolysis to glucose and fructose does take place and reduction then occurs occasionally samples of sucrose will rapidly give a silver mirror, presumably owing to impurities. 

One of the most important differences between cellulose and starch is that animals can digest starch Because the glycosidic linkages m starch are a an animal s a glycosidase enzymes can catalyze then hydrolysis to glucose When more glucose is... 

Cane sugar is metabolized rapidly, after initial enzyme hydrolysis to glucose and fmctose. As a carbohydrate, it yields 16.5 kj/g (3.94 kcal/g). 

Nevertheless, the potential uses of these polymers are intriguing, especially since preliminary evidence has been obtained that hydrolysis to glucose, phosphate, and ammonia takes place slowly in aqueous media. Mixed-substituent glucosyl polymers appear to have the greatest biomedical potential since the use of a second, less hindered, side group allows the steric hindrance and deprotection problems to be minimized (37). 

Paper mill sludge (as well as other forms of cellulose) can be converted to levulinic acid in 70-90% yield by hydrolysis to glucose followed by controlled heating (12.14) in a process developed by Biofine, Inc.41... 

Scheme 11.13. A representation of a portion of the pathway of gluconeogenesis. The 6-phosphate of glucose is considered capable of hydrolysis to glucose with the appropriate hydroiyase (EC 3.1.3.9) catalyst. The anomer shown is a (because the hydroxyl on the ano-meric carbon is cis or syn to the hydroxyl at C5, Scheme 11.14). A caution concerning nomen-ciature is needed. In the acyclic form, it is clear which carbon is number six. Cyclization to the six-membered ring pyranose (oxane) (or furanose [oxolane] when the five-membered ring forms) leaves ns with a nomenclature problem since the carbon that was C-1 (the ano-meric carbon) is often referred to as C-1 in both structures that involve formation of bonds to that carbon as well as in reactions that may occur at that carbon. However, it will be recalled (Chapter 5) that the nomenclature of cyclic ethers (and other heterocycles) generally requires that the heteroatom (or a heteroatom if more than one is present) receive the lowest number. So, the lUPAC and the lUBMB numbering system is used for archiving purposes, while the trivial nomenclature is commonly used in the literature. Both systems will be found here as appropriate.

Lactose Effective after being hydrolyzed Hydrolysis to glucose and galactose High Intolertmce by humans lacking lactase enzyme Itixative effect... 

Maltitol Effective as glucose after hydrolysis sorbitol by diffusion Hydrolysis to glucose and sorbitol Probably slight Side effects unknown laxative... 

Maltose Effective after hydrolysis Hydrolysis to glucose High Cariogenic intravenously given it appears to be utilized directly and, like glucose, it is insulin-dependent... 

Partial hydrolysis to glucose, sorbitol, and mannitol Partial hydrolysis... 

Biomass Valorization to Biochemicals and Biofuels 170 Cellulose hydrolysis to glucose 171... 

Taking into account the above statements, the following section will discuss the catalytic performances of nanofluorides in some applications on biomass valorization such as the cellulose hydrolysis to glucose [145], cellulose valorization to lactic acid [146], and the valorization of glycerol (i.e., the by-product of biodiesel production) to synthesis of diacyl and triacyl glycerine [147], but also the dehydration of xylose and glucose to furan derivatives [148,149]. 

Table 6.8 Selected results in the cellulose hydrolysis to glucose in the presence...

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