Big Chemical Encyclopedia

Chemical substances, components, reactions, process design ...

Articles Figures Tables About

Hydrolysis of sulfur mustard

This material is commonly found as a degradation product from hydrolysis of Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). [Pg.180]

FIGURE 19.4 Hydrolysis of sulfur mustard to produce thiodiglycol followed by oxidation reactions. [Pg.515]

Hemi-sulfur mustard (CH) Mustard chlorohydrin 2-Hydroxyethyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide 2-((2-Chloroethyl)thio)ethanol C4H9CIOS 693-30-1 Hydrolysis of sulfur mustard... [Pg.113]

Thiodiglycol (TDG) 2,2 -Thiobisethanol 2,2 -Thiodiethanol Thiodiethylene glycol C4H10O2S 111-48-8 Hydrolysis of sulfur mustard... [Pg.113]

In dilute solution, the primary hydrolysis product of sulfur mustard is thiodiglycol (TDG) (Figure 12). In the environment, TDG may be oxidized to its thiodiglycol sulfoxide (TDGO), and more rarely to the sulfone, though the latter may be an important... [Pg.304]

Hooijschuur et al. (54) also reported the analysis of the hydrolysis products of sulfur mustard homologues (11), using micro-LC/ESI/MS (triple quadrupole) and micro-LC/FPD in sulfur mode. To improve sensitivity, large-volume injection was used with peak compression by adding suitable coeluting alcohols. LC employed a 0.28-mm ID packed C18 column, eluted isocratically with water-methanol (80 20 v/v)-0.2% formic acid, flow rate 6 xl/min. Spectra were dominated by MH+, [MH — H20]+,... [Pg.306]

E.W.J. Hooijschuur, Ch.E. Kientz, A.G. Hulst and U.A.Th. Brinkman, Determination of hydrolysis products of sulfur mustards by reversed-phase microcolumn liquid chromatography coupled online with sulfur flame photometric detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using large-volume injections and peak compression, Anal Chem., 72, 1199-1206 (2000). [Pg.318]

R.M. Black and R.W, Read, Biological fate of sulfur mustard, l,l-thiobis(2-chloroethane) identification of 3-lyase metabolites and hydrolysis products in human urine, Xenobiotica, 25, 167-173 (1995). [Pg.318]

Figure 4. Metabolites of sulfur mustard identified by mass spectrometry, derived from hydrolysis and oxidation (s)... Figure 4. Metabolites of sulfur mustard identified by mass spectrometry, derived from hydrolysis and oxidation (s)...
Figure 5. Urinary excretion profiles of metabolites derived from hydrolysis and the (5-lyase pathway in the rat following cutaneous application of sulfur mustard (dose = 2 p,mol/animal, data points mean of 4 animals dotted fine = hydrolysis products, solid fine = (5-lyase metabolites). (Reproduced from the Journal of Analytical Toxicology by permission of Preston Publications A Division of Preston Industries, Inc.)... Figure 5. Urinary excretion profiles of metabolites derived from hydrolysis and the (5-lyase pathway in the rat following cutaneous application of sulfur mustard (dose = 2 p,mol/animal, data points mean of 4 animals dotted fine = hydrolysis products, solid fine = (5-lyase metabolites). (Reproduced from the Journal of Analytical Toxicology by permission of Preston Publications A Division of Preston Industries, Inc.)...
The metabolism of nerve agents is much simpler than that of sulfur mustard. The major pathway for elimination is via enzyme-mediated hydrolysis by esterases, plus some chemical hydrolysis, as shown in Figure 10. In the case of the methylphosphonofluoridates and V agents, the major product is an alkyl methylphosphonic acid (alkyl MPA) (16). A small fraction of the nerve agent binds... [Pg.418]

The water solubility of sulfur mustard has been reported as 0.092 g per 100 g water at 22°C (DA, 1974), and 5 X 10 M at room temperature (MacNaughton and Brewer, 1994). In dilute aqueous solutions sulfur mustard hydrolyzes almost completely to thiodiglycol and hydrochloric acid (Papirmeister et al., 1991). For dissolved HD, the hydrolysis half-life ranges from about 4 to 15 min for temperatures of 20-25°C however, bulk HD may persist in water for up to several years (Small, 1984). Small (1984) reported that it would take 15 days for the mass of a 1 cm droplet of HD in quiescent water to decrease by one half. [Pg.260]

Sulfur mustard can be very persistent in soil (Rosenblatt et al., 1995). Persistence depends on the soil type, pH, moisture content, and whether the agent is at the soil surface or buried. Small (1984) reported that when HD was applied to the soil surface, volatilization would be the main route of HD loss (half-life about 30 min), but if the soil was wet, hydrolysis would be the main loss pathway. When sprayed onto soil, a vesicant action was still apparent after about 2 weeks when the agent leaked into the soil, however, a vesicant action was still present after 3 years (DA, 1974). Rosenblatt et al. (1995) state that the persistence of sulfur mustard in soil is due to the formation of oligomeric degradation products that coat the surface of the mustard agent and that are resistant to hydrolysis. [Pg.260]

Vycudilik (1985) had already used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to eonfirm the presence of sulfur mustard in urine samples. Sodium ehloride was added to the sample to facilitate extraction and slow down the hydrolysis in the aqueous sample, and the analyte was then extraeted with diethylether. The solvent was evaporated and the residue dissolved in methylene chloride. After purifieation - by shaking the sample solution for 1 h with silieagel - the solvent was again evaporated. The residue was again dissolved in methylene chloride and used for chromatography. [Pg.782]

Initial efforts by Noort et al. (1996,1997) to detect protein adducts of sulfur mustard focused on the 4-(2-hydrox-yethylthioethyl)-L-aspartate, 5-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)L-glutamate, the cysteine and the N-terminal valine adduct and two histidine adducts, Nl- and N3-(2-hydroxyethylth-ioethyl)-L-histidine, respectively. Acidic hydrolysis and pronase digestion were used to release these adducts from... [Pg.782]

In the case of sulfur-mustard, the situation is somewhat more complex. It is marginally soluble in water tending to form droplets, and hydrolysis occurs at the droplet surface. This property has made measuring the hydrolysis rate constant difficult, and half-lives anywhere from 2 to 30 hours are reported. Chemically, the hydrolysis of HD involves the sequential replacement of the chlorine atoms by hydroxyl groups through cyclic sulfonium ion intermediates to form thiodiglycol (TDG), Reaction (2). If a median... [Pg.92]

F. Inscore and S. Farquharson, Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopic characterization of sulfur mustard, half-mustard, their hydrolysis products and related mono-sulfides, J. Raman Spectros. (in preparation). [Pg.100]

Analysis of Urine Samples. As noted, earher analysis of urine samples targeted either unmetabolized sulfur mustard or the hydrolysis product TDG. Since that time, the number of analytes has expanded to a total of five urinary metabolites that are of primary interest for sulfur mustard verification in cases of human exposure. Two of the metabohtes, TDG and TDG-sulfoxide, are primarily derived from chemical hydrolysis reactions (see Figure 19.4). The other three products are formed following the reaction of sulfur mustard with glutathione (see Figure 19.5). Each of the five analytes has been identified in the urine of sulfur mustard exposed individuals. [Pg.515]

Black RM, Hambrook JL, Howells DJ, Read RW. Biological fate of sulfur mustard, l,L-lhiobis(2-chlor-oethane). Urinary excretion profiles of hydrolysis products and p-lyase metabohtes of sulfur mustard after cutaneous apphcation in rats. J Anal Toxicol, 1992b 16 79-84. [Pg.541]

Industrial production of sulfur mustard was discontinued in 1968 at that time, the US stockpile contained some 17 000 tonnes (ATSDR, 2003). The US unitary chemical weapons stockpile includes sulfur mustard which was originally present in various munitions and tonne containers at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland, Deseret Chemical Depot in Utah, Anniston Army Depot in Alabama, the Umatilla Depot Activity in Oregon, Pine Bluff Arsenal in Arkansas and Tooele Army Depot in Utah (DOD, 1996). HD, H and HT are stored in various containers and munitions at these and several other nonstockpile sites. Destruction of the remaining stockpile, either by hydrolysis or incineration, is presently underway. Incineration of nearly 4000 tonnes of... [Pg.94]

Little information on the hydrolysis of nitrogen mustards was located. Nitrogen mustards are stable during storage, and, in the presence of water, form dimers (Forsman et al. 1979 Franke 1982). Hydrolysis of HN3 is slower than that of the sulfur mustards, but the hydrolysis of HNl and HN2 is probably more rapid. The mechanism of hydrolysis is similar, with formation of a cyclic intermediate. Solubilities range from 0.16 g/L for HN3 to 12 g/L for HN2... [Pg.130]

Kroening, K.K., et al. (2009) Screening hydrolysis products of sulfur mustard agents by high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 393,1949-1956. [Pg.469]

While the previously discussed findings demonstrate the stability of sulfur mustard in lipophilic tissues, the agent is rapidly hydrolyzed whenever situated in an aqueous compartment (X cudilik, 1987). Thiodiglycol (TDG) is the primary hydrolysis product, in which the chlorine atoms have been replaced by hydroxyl groups. Karvaly et al. (2008) used subcutaneous microdialysis to monitor TDG in rats exposed to sulfur mustard. Peak concentrations of 7.2-21.7nmol/L TDG were found, following percutaneous exposure to 2pM sulfur mustard. [Pg.844]


See other pages where Hydrolysis of sulfur mustard is mentioned: [Pg.113]    [Pg.113]    [Pg.113]    [Pg.113]    [Pg.113]    [Pg.113]    [Pg.244]    [Pg.291]    [Pg.387]    [Pg.406]    [Pg.244]    [Pg.281]    [Pg.94]    [Pg.97]    [Pg.586]    [Pg.778]    [Pg.91]    [Pg.515]    [Pg.526]    [Pg.62]    [Pg.148]    [Pg.273]    [Pg.70]    [Pg.74]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.384 ]




SEARCH



Sulfur mustard

Sulfur mustard, hydrolysis

Sulfure mustard

© 2024 chempedia.info