Hydrogen shipment

Year Liquid Hydrogen Capacity Pounds/Day Millions Cu. Ft/Year Hydrogen Shipments (Ref. 1) Millions Cu. Ft/Year... 

Specifications, Shipping, and Analysis. Hydrogen fluoride is shipped in bulk in tank cars (specification 112S400W) and tank tmcks (specification MC312). A small volume of overseas business is shipped in ISO tanks. Bulk shipments are made of anhydrous HF as well as 70% aqueous solutions. A small amount of aqueous solution may be shipped as 50%. Cars and tmcks used for anhydrous HF transport are of carbon steel constmction. It is possible to ship 70% aqueous in steel from a corrosion standpoint however, mbber lining is commonly used to eliminate iron pickup, which is detrimental to product quaUty in a number of appHcations. Hydrogen fluoride of less than 60% strength must always be shipped in lined containers. 

Because of its extreme chemical reactivity, calcium metal must be carefully packaged for shipment and storage. The metal is packaged in sealed argon-tiUed containers. Calcium is classed as a flammable soHd and is nonmailable. Sealed quantities of calcium should be stored in a dry, weU-ventilated area so as to remove any hydrogen formed by reaction with moisture. 

Hydrogen bromide gas may be produced by combustion of hydrogen in bromine vapor at 37.5°C using a catalyst such as platinized asbestos or platinized silica gel. Unreacted free bromine is removed from the product by passing the gaseous product mixture over hot activated charcoal. Hydrogen bromide formed may be absorbed in water to obtain the acid or may be cooled and liquefied for shipment in cylinders. 

The final product is drained off from the retort, cooled and stored in aluminium tanks in which, if necessary, it is stabilized with phosphoric acid, pyrophosphate and 8-hydroxyquinoline. The stability of hydrogen peroxide with a high percentage is very high. After being stored a year in aluminium tanks it loses hardly more than 0.5 to 1 per cent of active oxygen. In view of this, it is also suitable for shipment to tropical countries. 

The most common oil hydrogenation catalysts are 20-25% Ni on A1203 and Si02. The nickel salts are either impregnated or co-gelled with a carrier precursor such as a soluble A1 or Si salt. The catalytically active state of Ni is the reduced (metallic) form. The activation step is performed during manufacture at which time the catalyst is coated with a fatty gel to protect it from air oxidation during shipment. 

Over-the-road shipment costs of cryogenic liquid hydrogen. This mode is expected to be used in the early stages of hydrogen supply to filling depots and stations. 

Research to reduce the liquefaction costs for hydrogen could potentially benefit its cost of shipment by truck, ship, or rail, but could also be advantageous for storage at plant sites to guard against unplanned shutdowns. The committee views this research as more appropriate for nearer-term investment, since this mode of shipment could dominate in the early stages of fuel cell vehicle introduction. 

At a briefing to the committee from representatives of DOE s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) on June 10, 2003, cost ranges were given for pipeline and liquid shipment of hydrogen that were somewhat higher than the results shown in Table 4-1. Comparison of the assumptions used for EERE s and the committee s cal-... 

The Cyclar process converts C3 and G paraffins to aromatics via a bifunctional zeolitic catalyst (25). Typical aromatic yields in Table 3.11 are 70 wt-%, with 6 wt-% hydrogen yields. The light hydrocarbon products can be used as fuel for the plant. Cyclar can be considered for remote locations as an alternative to flaring LPG, or when refrigerating LPG for shipment is not economical. 

The purified nickel and cobalt sulfates, with low concentrations of ammonium sulfate, are reduced with hydrogen in agitated autoclaves at 375°F and 650 psig. By controlling the pH between 0.9-1.8 by continuous addition of aqueous ammonia, 95% of the Ni is preferentially reduced. The nickel powder is washed, filtered, dried, and packaged or is briquetted and sintered at 1750°F in hydrogen before shipment to alloy manufacturers. 

Use To coat interiors of tanks and containers for shipment of hydrogen peroxide, acids, etc. 

An example of immersion stabilization is nickel catalysts for the hydrogenation of edible oils. ° The nickel catalyst is a powder that is used in batch slurry reactors. Since nickel is pyrophoric, the material must be stabilized for shipment to end user plants. After reduction in a fluid bed furnace, the catalyst is dropped under a N2 atmosphere into melted, fully hydrogenated edible oil. The thick slurry is then pastillated into droplets and solidified at room temperature. The result is small droplet-shaped solids of reduced nickel catalyst embedded in hardened edible oil. When used at the edible oil facility, the fully hydrogenated oil readily... 

The facilities used to harvest the ocean thermal energy are called OTEC plants (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion). To achieve their maximum potential they must be located in the open ocean near the equator, far from any market. Several schemes to transmit their output to the market have been examined. The most practical appears to be use the electric power to electrolyze water to produce hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen can be vented and the hydrogen liquefied for shipment to market. This scheme allows the OTEC plant to produce a storable fuel that can be used for most energy needs. 

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