Hydrogen, refuelling vehicles

In the United States so many vehicles operate on hydrogen fuel cells (sec Box 12.1) that hydrogen refueling stations have opened in many cities, including Washington, DC. 

Several models of HICE vehicles have been demonstrated and few are commercially available [25,28,33,38]. However, hydrogen-powered vehicles will not be available to common public until there is an adequate refueling infrastructure and trained technicians to repair and maintain these vehicles. The design of each hydrogen-powered vehicle may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and model to model. One model may be simple in design... 

Considering both storage and refueling technologies, the most promising short-term alternative is probably compressed gas storage [53,55]. Prototype hydrogen-powered vehicles... 

This terminal point in hydrogen production can be used for refueling hydrogen-powered or hydrogen transport vehicles. There is also an option to canalize hydrogen in a natural gas (NG) pipeline provided that the distance from the WF is fairly short. Flydrogen injection in NG pipelines may improve NG energy properties [45]. 

An onboard hydrogen tank has several problems since hydrogen leaks easily, is hard to store and hard to compress and burns quickly. Overcoming all these concerns has been expensive but most of the major auto companies has solved these problems for the most part in their prototype fuel cell vehicles. Refueling tends to be difficult although there are now a number of hydrogen refueling stations in use around the world. 

Along with refueling vehicles, the system provides hydrogen into a fuel cell stack to produce electricity for buildings on the site, which are also warmed by the waste heat generated by the power unit. 

In 2004 a retail hydrogen fueling station opened in Washington D.C. in a partnership between Shell and GM to develop hydrogen-fueled vehicles on a commercial scale. The station will service GM fuel cell vehicles. Both compressed and liquid hydrogen refueling are available. 

Hydrogen vehicle system component technology related to metal hydride tank systems. Hydrogen refuelling station. 

Development and construction of an HFC urban bus for Madrid. The main objective is the demonstration of the technical and economic viability of an advanced fuel cell propulsion system combined with innovative vehicle concepts for public transport application. This work was done in combination with the ES Hj Hydrogen refuelling Station in Madrid. 

The use of a mixture of hydrogen and natural gas as a vehicle fuel has been proposed as a way of harnessing the low emission potential of hydrogen without the complications associated with a dedicated hydrogen-fueled vehicle. Blended at the point of refueling, it may be used in natural gas... 

The Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Demonstration Project (JHFC), summarized in Fig. 4-13, is a program set up by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) in March 2003. In this program, hydrogen refueling facilities with different types of fuel and production methods will be tested. Vehicles from five automakers are taking part in this project, including Toyota s FCHV and fuel cell bus. 

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