Hydrogen production mix

What impacts do price changes of primary energy sources have on the hydrogen production mix and related supply costs ... 

The hydrogen production mix is very sensitive to the country-specific context and strongly influenced by the assumed feedstock prices resource availability and policy support also play a role, in particular for hydrogen from renewable and nuclear energy. 

Ceramic Membrane Devices for Ultra-High Purity Hydrogen Production Mixed Conducting Membrane Development... 

However, hydrogen chloride gas, obtained as a by-product in chlorination reactions, is commercially converted to chlorine by passing the hydrogen chloride mixed with air over a copper catalyst at a temperature of 600-670K when the following reaction occurs ... 

The principal commercial source of 1-butanol is -butyraldehyde [123-72-8] obtained from the Oxo reaction of propylene. A mixture of n- and isobutyraldehyde [78-84-2] is obtained in this process this mixture is either separated initially and the individual aldehyde isomers hydrogenated, or the mixture of isomeric aldehydes is hydrogenated direcdy and the n- and isobutyl alcohol product mix separated by distillation. Typically, the hydrogenation is carried out in the vapor phase over a heterogeneous catalyst. For example, passing a mixture of n- and isobutyraldehyde with 60 40 H2 N2 over a CuO—ZnO—NiO catalyst at 25—196°C and 0.7 MPa proceeds in 99.95% efficiency to the corresponding alcohols at 98.6% conversion (7,8) (see Butyraldehydes Oxo process). 

Gas Phase. The gas-phase methanol hydrochlorination process is used more in Europe and Japan than in the United States, though there is a considerable body of Hterature available. The process is typicaHy carried out as foHows vaporized methanol and hydrogen chloride, mixed in equimolar proportions, are preheated to 180—200°C. Reaction occurs on passage through a converter packed with 1.68—2.38 mm (8—12 mesh) alumina gel at ca 350°C. The product gas is cooled, water-scmbbed, and Hquefied. Conversions of over 95% of the methanol are commonly obtained. Garnma-alurnina has been used as a catalyst at 295—340°C to obtain 97.8% yields of methyl chloride (25). Other catalysts may be used, eg, cuprous or zinc chloride on active alumina, carbon, sHica, or pumice (26—30) sHica—aluminas (31,32) zeoHtes (33) attapulgus clay (34) or carbon (35,36). Space velocities of up to 300 h , with volumes of gas at STP per hour per volume catalyst space, are employed. 

Mix the hydrogenated product with 20 ml thionyl chloride and 0.5 g di-methylformamide and reflux the resulting solution with agitation under a nitrogen atmosphere at 80-85°C. Optimum reaction time for C18 alkanesulfonate is 45 min longer times produce oxidized materials. 

Pipelines dominate the transport and distribution of hydrogen in this period and an area-wide pipeline network covers nearly the whole of Germany in 2050. If wind offshore technologies are integrated in the production mix, the pipeline network... 

Under the assumption that CCS will be widely applied from 2025 on, a remarkable reduction of C02 emissions could be achieved in the transport sector by hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles over the next few decades, even if hydrogen was produced mainly on the basis of fossil fuels. In the case of a predominantly coal-based production mix without CCS, C02 emissions from hydrogen production will exceed those saved through its use in the transport sector. If around 50% of total hydrogen production was to depend on CCS from coal gasification, the total C02 volumes to be stored in... 

The fossil hydrogen production option dominates during the first two decades while the infrastructure is being developed, and also in later periods if only economic criteria are applied initially on the basis of natural gas, later with increasing gas prices more and more on the basis of coal (where available). Carbon capture and storage will be critical for these pathways, if hydrogen is to contribute to an overall C02 reduction in the transport sector. The production mix between gas and coal is highly sensitive to the ratio of feedstock prices a switch occurs at a gas coal price ratio of about 2.5. 

Ultimately, we would like to make hydrogen from zero or near-zero carbon sources. There are plentiful near-zero carbon resources for hydrogen production in the United States. For example, a mix of low-carbon resources, including natural gas,... 

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