Hydrogen process, liquid

Liquid products must undergo hydrogen processing before joining equivalent crude oil fractions and continuing the normal process property improvement steps. 

The process steps mentioned are not of importance in all gas-liquid-particle processes. In particular, the last step does not occur in processes in which a liquid product is formed by reaction between gaseous and liquid reactants, as may be the case, for example, in the catalytic hydrogenation of liquid petroleum fractions. 

Some metals such as Pd and Nb can dissolve hydrogen in atomic form in their lattice. For other metals as Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Rh, this phenomenon is usually absent. If these latter metals contain traces of hydrogen (10-100 ppm, due to the production process), there is the formation of small gas bubbles with a typical diameter around 10 4mm [21]. The pressure of hydrogen, which is in the molecular form, inside the bubbles, is very high, and hydrogen becomes liquid or solid when the metal is cooled. Hence also in this case, a heat release due to the ortho to para conversion takes place [22,23]. The thermal release is of the order of 1 nW/g nevertheless it may be important in experiments at extremely low temperatures. 

Fischer-Tropsch A process for converting synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) to liquid fuels. Modified versions were known as the Synol and Synthol processes. The process is operated under pressure at 200 to 350°C, over a catalyst. Several different catalyst systems have been used at different periods, notably iron-zinc oxide, nickel-thoria on kieselgtihr, cobalt-thoria on kieselgiihr, and cemented iron oxide. The main products are C5-Cn aliphatic hydrocarbons the aromatics content can be varied by varying the process conditions. The basic reaction was discovered in 1923 by F. Fischer and... 

KLP [Dow K Catalyst liquid phase] A selective hydrogenation process for removing acetylenes from cmde C4 hydrocarbons from ethylene cracking, with no loss of butadiene. The catalyst is based on either copper metal or alumina. Developed by Dow Chemical Company and first commercialized at its plant in Temeuzen, The Netherlands. The KLP licensing business was sold to UOP in 1991. 

Kombi [Kombinations-Verfahren] A liquid-phase petroleum hydrogenation process which combined hydrogenation with hydrorefining. The catalyst contained molybdenum and tungsten on an aluminosilicate. Developed by BASF. 

Describe the various mass transfer and reaction steps involved in a three-phase gas-liquid-solid reactor. Derive an expression for the overall rate of a catalytic hydrogenation process where the reaction is pseudo first-order with respect to the hydrogen with a rate constant k (based on unit volume of catalyst particles). 

Syngas cleanup system - low or high temperature and processes used to remove sulfur, nitrogen, particulates, and other compounds that may impact the suitability of the syngas for specific applications (i.e., turbine and fuel cell for electric power generation, hydrogen production, liquid fuel production, or chemical production). 

Samolada, M.C., Baldauf, W., Vasalos, I.A., Production of bio-gasoline by upgrading biomass flash pyrolysis liquids via hydrogen processing and catalytic cracking, Fuel, 1998, 77, 1667. 

In the ideal biphasic hydrogenation process, the substrate will be more soluble or partially soluble in the immobilization solvent and the hydrogenation product will be insoluble as this facilitates both reaction and product separation. Mixing problems are sometimes encountered with biphasic processes and much work has been conducted to elucidate exactly where catalysis takes place (see Chapter 2). Clearly, if the substrates are soluble in the catalyst support phase, then mixing is not an issue. The hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane in tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids exploits the differing solubilities of the substrate and product. The solubility of benzene and cyclohexane has been measured in... 

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