Hydrogen Cyanide and cyanides

Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts (excluding cyanogen and cyanogen chloride)... 

Hydrogen cyanide and cyanides human health aspects (No. 61, 2004)... 

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). 1976. Criteria for a Recommended Standard. Occupational Exposure to Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanide Salts (NaCN, KCN, and Ca(CN)2). PB 266 230, DHEW (NIOSH) Pub. No. 77-108, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 

Cyanide occurs most commonly as hydrogen cyanide in water, although it can also occur as the cyanide ion, alkali and alkaline earth metal cyanides (potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide, calcium cyanide), relatively stable metallocyanide complexes (ferricyanide complex [Fe(CN)6]-3), moderately stable metallocyanide complexes (complex nickel and copper cyanide), or easily decomposable metallocyanide complexes (zinc cyanide [Zn(CN)2], cadmium cyanide [Cd(CN)2]). Hydrogen cyanide and cyanide ion combined are commonly termed free cyanide. The environmental fate of these cyanide compounds varies widely (Callahan et al. 1979). 

In water, hydrogen cyanide and cyanide ion exist in equilibrium with their relative concentrations primarily dependent on pH and temperature. At pH <8, >93% of the free cyanide in water will exist as undissociated hydrogen cyanide (Towill et al. 1978). Hydrogen cyanide is hydrolyzed to formamide which is subsequently hydrolyzed to ammonium and formate ions (Callahan et al. 1979). However, the relatively slow rates of hydrolysis reported for hydrogen cyanide in acidic solution (Kreible and McNally 1929 Kreible and Peiker 1933) and of cyanides under alkaline conditions (Wiegand and Tremelling 1972) indicate that hydrolysis is not competitive with volatilization and biodegradation for removal of free cyanide from ambient waters (Callahan et al. 1979). 

Hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts are important environmental contaminants, and there are numerous reports dealing with the identification and quantitation of cyanide in air, water, and other environmental media. Representative examples of monitoring methods for cyanide are included in Table 6-2. 

Criteria for a Recommended Standard... Occupational Exposure to Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanide Salts," USDHEW (NIOSH) Pub. 

Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanides Hydrogen cyanide is a highly toxic, volatile substance (bp 26°C) produced when metal cyanide solutions are acidified ... 

Behar D (1974) Pulse radiolysis study of aqueous hydrogen cyanide and cyanide solutions. J Phys Chem 78 2660-2663... 

Hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts in aerosol and gas may be analyzed by NIOSH Method 7904 (NIOSH, 1984). 

Evidently the writer of these lines does not know the difference between hydrogen cyanide and cyanide compounds. If he should wish to subsume cyanide compounds under hydrogen cyanide, which might make it easier for the layman to understand, then it is clear This sentence and the following one discuss the stability of cyanide com-... 

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). 1996. Hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts. Supplements to the Sixth Edition Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH. 

Simeonova, F. P., Fishbein, L. (2004). Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanides Human Health Aspects. World Health Organization, Geneva. 

Caution All the operations should be carried out in a well-ventilated hood because of the toxic natures of dimethyl sulfate, hydrogen cyanide, and cyanide solutions. 

Corey et al.a were interested in developing a simple procedure for oxidation of allylic alcohols to carboxylic acids without cis-irans isomerization of the ,/3-unsaturated linkage. They reasoned that in the presence of hydrogen cyanide and cyanide ion the a,/3-unsaturated aldehyde would be converted into the cyanohydrin which would be oxidized by Mn02 to an acyl cyanide, which in the presence of an alcohol would be converted into an ester ... 

World Health Organization (2004). Hydrogen cyanide and cyanides human health aspects. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 61. New York, NY, USA World Health Organization, Geneva. 

IDLH TLV-TWA (ceiling exposure Umit) NIOSH recommendations Federal drinking water guidelines 25 mg/m (as CN) 4.7 ppm to 10 minutes (as CN) skin designation 4.7 ppm (hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts) 0.2 mg/L (cyanide ion)... 

Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanides. Hydrogen C3 anide combines vdth formaldehyde producing formaldehyde cyanohydrin (glycollonitrile), the preparation of which in aqueous solution was first described Hemy in 1890. 

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