Hydrogen chloride and water

Hydrogen chloride and water form constant boiling mixtures. The properties of these mixtures, determined with great accuracy, and often used as analytical standards (16), are summarized in Table 6 and graphically depicted in Figure 3. 

Once again, we examine acids first. Hydrogen chloride is a strong acid in water. A solution of hydrogen chloride and water, which we call hydrochloric acid, contains hydronium ions, chloride ions, and virtually no HC1 molecules. 

Tolbert, M. A., M. J. Rossi, R. Malhotra, and D. M. Golden, Reaction of Chlorine Nitrate with Hydrogen Chloride and Water at Antarctic Stratospheric Temperatures, Science, 238, 1258-1260 (1987). 

At temp, below 0° H. W. B. Roozeboom measured the amount of gas in grams dissolved by 100 grms. of water when the sum of the partial press, of hydrogen chloride and water was 760 mm. at the indicated temp. ... 

A careful study by Gustus and Stevens,M0 oondtieted with umiyl chlonde scrupulously free of hydrogen chloride and water, showed ihtu... 

Then the round-bottomed flask is warmed to 60° on a steam bath while pumping is continued for a few hours to remove the last traces of hydrogen chloride and water. 

Fig. 6. Apparatus for the removal of hydrogen chloride and water from phosphorous acid.

You will see as you read more of this book that substances that have ionic bonds are very different from those that have all covalent bonds. For example, compounds that have ionic bonds, such as the sodium chloride in table salt, are solids at room temperature and pressure, but compounds with all covalent bonds, such as hydrogen chloride and water, can be gases and liquids as well as solids. 

In the system formed by the three components, ferric chloride, hydrogen chloride and water, not only can various compounds of ferric chloride and water (p. 187) and of hydrogen chloride and water be formed, each of which possesses a definite melting-point, but various ternary compounds are also known. Thus we have the following solid phases —... 

In the same way that the formation of ammonium chloride from ammonium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid could be considered to be a displacement of water by hydrogen chloride, so it is possible to consider the above set of reactions in the case of the chromium chloride to be a set of displacement reactions. Compound (3) may be regarded as an addition compound containing both hydrogen chloride and water, since the part j is equivalent... 

Oichtorophenoi 100 250 121 E E E trace of hydrogen chloride and water vapor Duration oMest — 36 days Aeration — moderate Agitation none Process involved dichlorophenol... 

The existence of the hypothetical intermediate addition compound in which the hydrogen bridge between the hydrogen chloride and water molecules involves 2-covalent hydrogen is now regarded as unlikely. Probably it would be better to represent the formation of the coordinate bond as taking place simultaneously with ionization, as follows ... 

---