Hydrogen by steam reforming

Recently, a new process has been developed to manufacture hydrogen by steam reforming methanol. In this process, an active catalyst is used to decompose methanol and shift convert carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. The produced gas is cooled, and carbon dioxide is removed ... 

Figure 4.1. A process for producing hydrogen by steam reforming of hydrocarbons (1) reforming furnace (2,3) purification section, (4) shift converter, (5) pressure swing adsorption.

However, one application where gold could be most applied is in fuel cells used in electric vehicles, with operating temperatures of 80-100 °C. Another field of application for supported gold catalysts is the production of hydrogen by steam reforming of methanol. 

The process for ammonia manufacture will vary somewhat with the source of hydrogen, but the majority of ammonia plants generate the hydrogen by steam reforming natural gas or hydrocarbons such as naphtha (Fig. 2). 

For most kinds of hydrogen fuel cells natural gas (methane) is the primary fuel, leading to hydrogen by steam reforming, followed by water-gas shift reactions and CO cleaning (Scheme 9.1). 

Wang LC, et al. Production of hydrogen by steam reforming of methanol over Cu/ZnO catalysts prepared via a practical soft reactive grinding route based on dry oxalate-precursor synthesis. J Catal. 2007 246(1) 193-204. 

It can be seen from Figure 6 that by far, the least expensive is hydrogen by steam reforming. This results from the low plant cost for this system, which is only a fraction of that for other processes. Even though the cost of the natural-gas feed, on an energy basis, is about twice that of coal, hydrogen price is about half that from the Koppers-Totzek and Steam-Iron Processes, if by-product power from the latter is sold at 2d/kWhr. At 4c/kWhr, the price drops to less than that for partial oxidation (Figure 11). 

The cost for making hydrogen by steam reforming of natural gas depends primarily on the cost of natural gas. Several sources estimate the hydrogen production cost, excluding capital charges (in US per million BTU of H2), to be 150 percent of the natural gas cost (in US per million BTU).164-170 175... 

Production of hydrogen by steam reforming of natural gas gives rise to a number of impacts mediated by emissions to the atmosphere (Table 6.1), as well as impacts from the equipment production and disposal stream and from materials used (such as Ni catalysts) without complete recycling. The... 

Liu, Y., Hayakawa, T., Suzuki, K., and Hamakawa, S. Production of hydrogen by steam reforming of methanol over Cu/Ce02 catalysts derived from Cei.xCux02x precursors. Catalysis Communications, 2001, 2 (6-7), 195. 

The concept that the removal of an undesired reaction product by selective adsorption from the reaction zone of an equilibrium-controlled reaction increases the conversion and the rate of formation of the desired component (based on Le Chatelier s principle) was used to develop a novel PSA process concept called SERP for direct production of fuel cell-grade hydrogen by steam reforming of methane (CH4 + 2H20 44 C02 + 4H2).57 61 The concept uses a physical admixture of a reforming (noble metal on alumina) catalyst and a chemisorbent (K2C03 promoted hydrotalcite), which selectively and reversibly chemisorbs C02 from a gas at a temperature of -450 °C in the presence of steam. The cyclic SERP steps consisted of the following ... 

Task I Fluidizable Catalysts for Producing Hydrogen by Steam Reforming Biomass Pyrolysis Liquids, K. Magrini-Bair, S. Czernik, R. French, Y. Parent, M. Ritland, E. Chornet... 

Fluidizable Catalysts for Producing Hydrogen by Steam Reforming Biomass Pvrolvsis Liquids... 

Hirai, T N. Ikenaga T. Miyake T. Suzuki. Production of hydrogen by steam reforming of glycerin on ruthenium catalyst. Energy Fuels 2005, 19, 1761—1762. 

The production of hydrogen by steam-reforming of methane or by partial oxidation of heavy residues (POX) inevitably leads to an increase in self-consumption and additional emissions of CO2. 

K. Urasaki, K. Tokunaga, Y. Sekine, M. Matsukata and E. Kikuchi, Production of hydrogen by steam reforming of ethanol over cobalt and nickel catalysts supported on perovskite-type oxides, Catal. Commun., 2008, 9, 600-604. 

Shell Oil Company has recently patented a process and apparatus for the production of pure hydrogen by steam reforming. This process integrates the steam reforming and shift reaction to produce pure hydrogen with minimal production of CO and virtually no CO in the hydrogen stream, provides for CO2 capture by sequestration, uses a steam reforming MR and is powered by heat from a heater convection section. 

Dimethyl ether may be converted into hydrogen by steam reforming, which actually has methanol as an intermediate product ... 

Adhikari, S., Fernando, S., and Haryanto, A. (2007) Production of hydrogen by steam reforming of glycerin over alumina-supported metal catalysts. Catal Today, 129, 355-364. 

As we have seen, methanol can be reformed to hydrogen by steam reforming, according to the following reaction ... 

Glycerol conversion into Hydrogen by steam reforming... 

---