Hydrogen accident

Industrial Hydrogen Accidents in the United States for the Period 1968-1977... 

Source After Zalosh, R.G. and Short T.P., Compilation and Analysis of Hydrogen Accident Reports, COO-4442-4, Factory Mutual Research Corp., Norwood, OH, 1978. 

Hydrogen Accidents in Ammonia Plants in North America for the Period 1969-1974... 

Source After Ordin, P.M., A review of hydrogen accidents and incidents in NASA operations, 9th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, ASME, New York, 1974. 

Based on these failure modes, a detailed risk assessment of most probable or most severe hydrogen accident scenarios has been conducted in some studies [66] including fuel tank... 

Industrial codes and standards for hydrogen are thus strict for a good reason. Some 22 percent or more of hydrogen accidents are caused by undetected hydrogen leaks.44 And this is despite the standard operating procedures, protective clothing, and electronic flame gas detectors provided to the limited number of hydrogen... 

Figure 5.4. Hydrogen accident in Stockholm street 1983 (a, above), and analysis (b) of flow pattern and H2 concentration (shaded areas) after 10 s in a vertical plane halfway between the canisters on the truck and the building wall. (From A. Venet-sanos, T. Huld, P. Adams, J. Bartzis (2003).. Hazardous Mat. A105,1-25. Used by permission from Elsevier.)...

Table 8-4 Statistics of hydrogen accident reports between 1965 and 1977 on primary causes of combustible mixtures, from [132]... 

Considering hydrogen accidents during transportation, in 71 % of the inadvertant hydrogen release cases recorded, no ignition was observed, a trend that is also confirmed by NASA experience [104]. 

A couple of hydrogen accidents were associated with the chlorine production by chloralkali electrolysis, which are included in Table 8-4 under Electrolysis malfunction . Fire or explosion occurred when for some reason, for example a reversal of cell polarity, the hydrogen entered the chlorine processing equipment downstream of the electrolysis cells [104]. 

ORDIN, P.M., Review of Hydrogen Accidents and Incidents in NASA Operations, NASA Technical Memorandum NASA TM X-71565, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland (1974). 

Cathodic protection of water power turbines is characterized by wide variations in protection current requirements. This is due to the operating conditions (flow velocity, water level) and in the case of the Werra River, the salt content. For this reason potential-controlled rectifiers must be used. This is also necessary to avoid overprotection and thereby damage to the coating (see Sections 5.2.1.4 and 5.2.1.5 as well as Refs. 4 and 5). Safety measures must be addressed for the reasons stated in Section 20.1.5. Notices were fixed to the turbine and the external access to the box headers which warned of the danger of explosion from hydrogen and included the regulations for the avoidance of accidents (see Ref. 4). 

An accident complicated by fog, weak winds, and a surface inversion occurred in Poza Rica, Mexico, in the early morning of November 24, 1950, when hydrogen sulfide was released from a plant for the recovery of sulfur from natural gas. There were 22 deaths, and 320 persons were hospitalized. 

Other circumstances mitigating the accident were the hydrogen fluoride gas was hot and rose rapidly it was dissipated quickly by a brisk, dry wind only several small pipes were broken, so the leiik u as fairlv easily controlled. 

Of these phenomena, the first three in particular, involve thermal hydraulics beginning with the pre-accident conditions. Items 4 through 7 address the meltdown of the core and its influence on (1) hydrogen production, which affects containment loads, (2) fuel temperatures, which affect in-vessel fission product releases, (3) thermal-... 

This study investigated risks to the public from serious accidents which could occur at the industrial facilities in this part of Essex, U.K. Results are expressed as risk to an individual and societal risk from both existing and proposed installations. Risk indices were also determined for modified versions of the facilities to quantify the risk reduction from recommendations in the report. Nine industrial plants were analyzed along with hazardous material transport by water, road, rail and pipeline. The potential toxic, fire and explosion hazards were assessed for flammable liquids, ammonia, LPG, LNG, and hydrogen fluoride (HE). The 24 appendices to the report cover various aspects of the risk analysis. These include causes and effects of unconfined... 

Most reported accidents with hydrogen cyanide involve operators inhaling or being splashed witli liquid hydrogen cyanide. Some of tliese accidents are due to equipment failure (blocked lines, frozen valves, etc.), and some arc due to operator error. 

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