Hydroforming methods

Very recently, a tandem sequence consisting of enolboration/hydroform-ylation/aldol reaction has been described [88]. Here configuration of the enol boronate is transferred to the aldol product, allowing good to excellent di-astereoselectivities in the hydroformylation/aldol reaction. With this method, 5-7-membered rings are obtained in excellent yields (Scheme 35). 

The historical development of aromatics production from petroleum is outlined, and the methods employed during World War II for the production of nitration grade toluene are described. Included is a discussion of methods of synthesizing and purifying benzene, xylenes, and aromatics of higher molecular weight both as mixtures and as pure compounds. Data are presented on the composition of the aromatic hydrocarbons available from typical hydroformates. Aromatics and mixtures thereof currently available from petroleum are listed. Some of the problems facing the industry in the field of aromatics production are discussed and the probable trend of future research is indicated. 

By feeding the extraction plant with naphthas which are rich in particular aromatic hydrocarbons, those produced by hydroforming for example, high purity of the finished aromatic product is possible. At the Baytown refinery of the Humble Oil and Refining Co., nitration-grade toluene and other high-purity aromatic products are made by these methods, although the product from the extraction plant must be further treated with sulfuric acid and caustic to remove small amounts of olefins and diolefins (72). 

Zampaloni, M., Pourboghrat, F. and Yu, W. (2004), Stamp thermo-hydroforming A new method for processing fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composite sheets . Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 17, 31-50. DOI 10.1177/0892705704038219. 

Zhang, Y, Luen, C.C., Wang, C.G., and Wu, P. (2009) Optimization for loading paths of tube hydroforming using a hybrid method. Mater. Manuf. Process., 24 (6), 700-708. 

Although the same basic method of computing heats of reaction can be used for the Hydroforming and platinum catalyst processes, it is not possible from the data given in this book to estimate properly the heating values of the highly aromatic products of these processes. The formation... 

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