Hydrocarbons classification tests

Claisen head adapter, 20, 26,134 Claisen-Schmidt reaction, 309-317 classification tests, 640-654. See also qualitative analysis alcohols, 640-642 aldehydes, 642-644 alkanes, 644-645 alkenes, 645 alkyl halides, 645-646 aUcynes, 645 amides, 647-648 amines, 648-649 ammonium salts, 647-648 aromatic hydrocarbons, 649-650 carboxylic acids, 650 cycloalkanes, 644-645 defined, 630 enols, 653-654 esters, 650-651 ethers, 651... 

As seen in Chapter 2, mixtures of hydrocarbons and petroleum fractions are analyzed in the laboratory using precise standards published by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) and incorporated for the most part into international (ISO), European (EN) and national (NF) collections. We wiil recall below the methods utilizing a classification by boiling point ... 

A deep stratigraphic test is drilled to obtain information about a specific geological condition that might lead to the discovery of an accumulation of hydrocarbons. Such wells are customarily drilled without the intention of being completed for hydrocarbon production. This classification also includes tests identified as core tests and all types of expendable holes related to hydrocarbon exploration. 

The solvent triangle classification method of Snyder Is the most cosDBon approach to solvent characterization used by chromatographers (510,517). The solvent polarity index, P, and solvent selectivity factors, X), which characterize the relative importemce of orientation and proton donor/acceptor interactions to the total polarity, were based on Rohrscbneider s compilation of experimental gas-liquid distribution constants for a number of test solutes in 75 common, volatile solvents. Snyder chose the solutes nitromethane, ethanol and dloxane as probes for a solvent s capacity for orientation, proton acceptor and proton donor capacity, respectively. The influence of solute molecular size, solute/solvent dispersion interactions, and solute/solvent induction interactions as a result of solvent polarizability were subtracted from the experimental distribution constants first multiplying the experimental distribution constant by the solvent molar volume and thm referencing this quantity to the value calculated for a hypothetical n-alkane with a molar volume identical to the test solute. Each value was then corrected empirically to give a value of zero for the polar distribution constant of the test solutes for saturated hydrocarbon solvents. These residual, values were supposed to arise from inductive and... 

To choose proper test substances, McReynolds studied the behavior of a large number of substances of the following compound classes alcohols, glycols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, acetals, ethers, oxides, hydrocarbons, chloro compounds, difunctional and polyfunctional compounds, and other miscellaneous substances. " For the stationary phase classification, he eventually proposed benzene, n-butanol, 2-pentanone, 1-nitropropane, and pyridine to represent compounds of different chemical interactions. " McReynolds characteristic phase constants for these five compounds describe the selectivity of the phase. 

Nitroparaffins are not explosives as determined by tests approved by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) for shipping classifications. However, nitromethane when sensitized by small amounts of amines can be detonated by a Number 8 blasting cap. Nitromethane is used as a fuel component in ammonium nitrate explosives. Nitroparaffins are used in diesel fuel to increase power output of engines. Nitropropane is completely miscible in diesel fuel, nitroethane solubility is 18 wt%, and nitromethane is only a 2 wt%. Nitromethane is used as a fuel in racing cars and in model engines. A blend of nitromethane and methanol is said to produce increased power output over regular hydrocarbon fuels. 1-Nitropropane is used as a grinding solvent for the production of aluminum powder because of its ability to displace surface moisture on the aluminum and the solvent aids in the dispersion of the aluminum powder. Nitromethane is used as a metal stabilizer for... 

This test method covers a procedure for classifying oil samples of initial boiling point of at least 260"C (500 F) into the hydrocarbon types of polar compounds, aromatics and saturates, and recovery of representative fractions of these types. This classification is used for specification purposes in rubber extender and processing oils. 

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