Hydrocarbon processes hydrogenation

The Phillips Steam Active Reforming (STAR) process catalyticaHy converts isobutane to isobutylene. The reaction is carried out with steam in tubes that are packed with catalyst and located in a furnace. The catalyst is a soHd, particulate noble metal. The presence of steam diluent reduces the partial pressure of the hydrocarbons and hydrogen present, thus shifting the equHibrium conditions for this system toward greater conversions. 

The delayed coking feed stream of residual oils from various upstream processes is first introduced to a fractionating tower where residual lighter materials are drawn off and the heavy ends are condensed. The heavy ends are removed and heated in a furnace to about 900 to 1,000 F and then fed to an insulated vessel called a coke drum where the coke is formed. When the coke drum is filled with product, the feed is switched to an empty parallel drum. Hot vapors from the coke drums, containing cracked lighter hydrocarbon products, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia, are fed back to the fractionator where they can be treated in the sour gas treatment system or drawn off as intermediate products. 

Heat is produced by chemical reaction in a reaction zone. The heat is transported, mainly by conduction and molecular diffusion, ahead of the reaction zone into a preheating zone in which the mixture is heated, that is, preconditioned for reaction. Since molecular diffusion is a relatively slow process, laminar flame propagation is slow. Table 3.1 gives an overview of laminar burning velocities of some of the most common hydrocarbons and hydrogen. 

Most sulfur compounds can be removed from petroleum streams through hydrotreatment processes, where hydrogen sulfide is produced and the corresponding hydrocarbon released. Hydrogen sulfide is then absorbed in a suitable absorbent and recovered as sulfur (Chapter 4). 

The Fischer-Tropsch and Related Processes for Synthesis of Hydrocarbons by Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide H. H. Storch... 

Many authors mention the use of micro reactors for fuel processing as one of the most promising fields [1,104]. Wegeng et al. point at using this micro-fuel processing for transportation [Ij. The placement of reformers imder the hood of an automobile for converting liquid hydrocarbons to hydrogen is explicitly mentioned. 

In running the DIN 53436 method hydrocarbon and hydrogen cyanide has only been determined qualitatively. The cyanide concentration has been determined four times during the 30 minute steady state combustion process. From these experiments the average concentration of emission has been estimated. The other results presented in Table V from DIN 53436 experiments have been measured in similar ways as for the other small scale test methods. It may be observed that the amount of material burnt in each experiment is smaller than in previous test procedures. The results presented are average values of two deteminations of each material. 

Hydropol A process for co-hydrogenating u-butenes with olefinic gasoline fractions. Developed by the Institut Frangais du Petiole as part of its polymer gasoline process. Hydrocarbon Process., 1980, 59(9), 219. 

MHC [Mitsubishi hydrocracking] A process for making benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons by hydrogenating cracked petroleum fractions. 

Propylane An extractive distillation process for removing aromatic hydrocarbons from hydrogenated crude benzene, using propylene carbonate. Developed by Koppers. 

Sepasolv MPE [Methyl isopropyl ester] A variation on the Selexol process, using the methyl isopropyl ethers of polyethylene glycol as the solvent. Developed by BASF. Four commercial plants were operating in 1985, removing hydrogen sulfide from natural gas. Wolfer, W., Hydrocarbon Process., 1982,61(11), 193. 

Since the Claus process by itself removes only about 90% of the hydrogen sulfide in the gas stream, the Beavon process (Speight, 1993, p. 268), SCOT (Shell Claus Off-Gas Treating) process (Speight, 1993, p. 316 Hydrocarbon Processing,... 

Pollution associated with petroleum refining typically includes volatile organic compounds (volatile organic compounds), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SO c), nitrogen oxides (NO ), particulates, ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), metals, spent acids, and numerous toxic organic compounds (Hydrocarbon Processing, 2003). Sulfur and metals result from the impurities in crude oil. The other wastes represent losses of feedstock and petroleum products. 

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