Hydrocarbon pool process

Recovery of DNAPL is a very slow process that is alfected by those factors encountered with LNAPL (i.e., relative permeability, viscosity, residual hydrocarbon pool distribution, site-specific factors, etc ). Dissolution of a DNAPL pool is dependent upon the vertical dispersivity, groundwater velocity, solubility, and pool dimension. Dispersivities for chamolid solvent are estimated for a medium to coarse sand under laboratory conditions on the order of 1(L3 to 1(H m. Thus, limited dispersion at typical groundwater velocities is anticipated to be slow and may take up to decades... 

In an attempt to identify the catalytic role of the hydrocarbon pool, the MTO process was further studied by C CF MAS NMR spectroscopy with an alternating flow of CH3OH and After the conversion of V-II3OII under steady-... 

In an attempt to identify the catalytic role of the hydrocarbon pool, the MTO process was further studied by CF MAS NMR spectroscopy with an alternating flow of CHsOH and CHsOH. After the conversion of CHsOH under steady-state conditions, the reactant flow was switched to CHsOH without a change the reaction parameters. If the alkyl groups of the hydrocarbon pool were involved in the conversion of methanol, for example, by adding reactant molecules and splitting off product molecules, the C-isotope abundance of these groups would be expected to decrease strongly after the switch from CHsOH to CHsOH. 

As a result of this importance, great efforts have been made to understand the interplay between structure and chemistry to produce optimised acid catalysts for processes such as cracking, alkylation and isomerisation. It is now well established that zeolites are not superacidic, so that the apparent carbenium ion controlled conversions are thought to pass through carbenium-ion-like transition states stabilised by the zeolite framework. For methanol-to-hydrocarbon reactions, elegant in situ NMR has demonstrated that a reactive hydrocarbon pool that forms within the pores is observed to be responsible for the formation of the first C-C bonds, and it is likely that reactive hydrocarbon intermediates have a greater role in add-catalysed reactions than previously spelt out. 

The HSL s Process Safety Section undertook four field experiments on the thermal response of partially filled 4.5-ton water capacity horizontal propane tanks to a jet fire. The jet fire consisted of an ignited, horizontal flashing hquid propane jet at a flow rate of about 1.5 kg/s from a nozzle equivalent to a 12.7 mm diameter hole. The nozzle was placed 4.5 m from the front surface and 1 m below the axial center of the tanks at about the still-air lift-off position of the flame. Vessel exposures were abouf 200 kW/m more fhan twice that for a fully engulfing hydrocarbon pool fire. 

Propylene polymerization processes, including slurry, gas-phase and liquid pool polymerization, have been reviewed by Lieberman and Barbe [70]. Progress in catalyst development is reflected by significantly simpU-fied polymerization processes and markedly reduced environmental pollution. As is apparent from Figure 18, which displays the general scheme of an olefin polymerization process, in gas-phase and Uquid pool processes hydrocarbon diluents and deactivations as well as polymer purifications steps are eliminated. Reactor granule technology forms... 

Two approaches are available for estimating the surface emitted power the point source and solid plume radiation models. The point source is based on the total combustion energy release rate while the solid plume radiation model uses measured thermal fluxes from pool fires of various materials (compiled in TNO, 1979). Both these methods include smoke absorption of radiated energy (that process converts radiation into convection). Typical measured surface emitted fluxes from pool fires arc given by Raj (1977), Mudan (1984), and Considine (1984). LPG and LNG fires radiate up to 250 kW/m (79,000 Btu/hr-ft ). Upper values for other hydrocarbon pool fires lie in the range 110-170 kW/m (35,000-54,000 Btu/hr- ), but smoke obscuration often reduces this to 20-60 kW/m ( 6300-19,000 Btu/hr-ft ). 

Palazzi, E. Fabiano, B. 2012. Analytical modelling of hydrocarbon pool fires Conservative evaluation of flame temperature and thermal power. Process Safety Environmental Protection. 90 121-128. 

These equations apply to single tubes or to flat surfaces in a large pool. In tube bundles the equations are only approximate, and designers must rely upon experiment. Palen and Small [Hydrocarbon Process., 43(ll), 199 (1964)] have shown the effect of tube-bundle... 

Isobutylene (CH2=C(CH3)2) is a reactive C4 olefin. Until recently, almost all isobutylene was obtained as a by-product with other C4 hydrocarbons from different cracking processes. It was mainly used to produce alkylates for the gasoline pool. A small portion was used to produce chemicals such as isoprene and diisobutylene. However, increasing demand for oxygenates from isobutylene has called for other sources. 

API conducted open pool hydrocarbon fire exposure tests (mostly naphtha and gasoline fires), on process vessels during the 1940 s and 50 s. 

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