Hydrocarbon extenders

The type of reactivity shown by the formation of Chichibabin s hydrocarbon extends to the activation of substituents other than hydrogen as well. For example, molecular silver will not usually remove fluorine from organic compounds, not even from triphenylmethyl fluoride. Yet the radical parafluorophenyldiphenylmethyl reacts with molecular silver to give silver fluoride.88... 

Yan, L.S. 1985. Study of the carcinogenic mechanism for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons — extended bay region theory and its quantitative model. Carcinogenesis 6 1-6. 

In the United States, contamination of water wells and streams by petroleum hydrocarbons extends back to the turn of the century. In Marion, Indiana, local streams and the single source of groundwater involving 200 to 300 surface and rock wells were found to be contaminated by adjacent petroleum production activities. 

The Class 2B oils, in which methylcyclohexane is the predominant light hydrocarbon, extend the compositional trends that distinguish Classes 1 and 2A, and the ranges of values for the distinguishing characteristics show very little overlap (Table I). 

The other series of bridged 14 ir-electron compounds comprises those systems with anthracene perimeter (e.g. 32, a system which, if allowed to attain planarity, is also predicted to have aromatic character). These compounds can be considered as the next highest members in the series of bridged annulenes based on linearly fused hydrocarbons, extending the study of the naphthalene-perimeter bridged [10]annulenes. There is in the system 35 a possibility of geometrical isomerism, in that the... 

U.S. Pat. No. 4,343,727 [35] describes a thermoplastic compounded injection molding material comprising PVC and cellulosic fiber (Solca-Floc, 5-20% by weight) along with epoxidized soybean oil, hydrocarbon extenders, and stearic acid as a lubricant. 

M.R. n tco] Hard hydrocarbon extender and plasticizer resins for rubber compding. 

Several homologous series of n-alkylmono-aromatic compounds including n-alkylbenzenes, -alkyltoluenes and -alkylxylenes have been tentatively identified in the HMW aromatic hydrocarbon fraction (Figure 9). The complexity of the mixture results, in part, from the presence of the 0-, m- and p-isomers, as illustrated by the complexity of the mjz 105/106 and 119/120 chromatograms (Dong et al. 1993). It appears that these homologous series of aromatic hydrocarbons extend beyond C50+, although these identifications remain to be confirmed by coinjection with authentic standards. 

Many rubbers and elastomers are comprised of long hydrocarbon segments, and thus can accept petroleum oils and other predominately hydrocarbon products for use as plasticizer or extenders. These products are available at a significantly lower cost than the synthetic ester plasticizers. Phthalates and adipates of linear alcohols are used to enhance low temperature properties of certain rubber applications, which cannot be met using the hydrocarbon extenders. Polar elastomers such as nitrile rubber and polychloroprene have low compatibility with hydrocarbons and require more polar products such as phthalates or adipates. 

There are numerous highly specialized plasticizers used in PVC formulating. With the exception of certain chlorinated hydrocarbons and most hydrocarbon extender types, these plasticizers generally command a significant price premium. They are used by virtue of their unique performance in processing or end-use properties. 

Some level (5-10%) secondary plasticizer or hydrocarbon extender can be added. 

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