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Hydration water quality

This paper considers the eimount and quality of information about one of these slow processes, loss of hydration water from sedimentary minerals, that is available for input into hydrological models. [Pg.298]

Unlike commercial surfactants, natural surfactants represent a class of components rather that a pure substance. Natural surfactants have different compositions and properties from one crude to an other. The nature of the asphaltenes is probably as important as the concentration of these surface-active agent when it comes to hydrate transportability, and oflier factors such as resins, waxes, aromatics, water quality, etc., have to be assessed in order to have a complete understanding of the transportability. An enhanced hydrate transportability of a crude as a result of increasing the amount of natural surfactants was demonstrated for several systems. In all cases it seems likely that the hydrate-slurry transportability is limited to 30% water cut. [Pg.706]

When a customer agrees to purchase gas, product quality is specified in terms of the calorific value of the gas, measured by the Wobbe index (calorific value divided by density), the hydrocarbon dew point and the water dew point, and the fraction of other gases such as Nj, COj, HjS. The Wobbe index specification ensures that the gas the customer receives has a predictable calorific value and hence predictable burning characteristics. If the gas becomes lean, less energy is released, and if the gas becomes too rich there is a risk that the gas burners flame out . Water and hydrocarbon dew points (the pressure and temperature at which liquids start to drop out of the gas) are specified to ensure that over the range of temperature and pressure at which the gas is handled by the customer, no liquids will drop out (these could cause possible corrosion and/or hydrate formation). [Pg.194]

In the feed preparation section, those materials are removed from the reactor feed which would either poison the catalyst or which would give rise to compounds detrimental to product quality. Hydrogen sulfide is removed in the DBA tower, and mercaptans are taken out in the caustic wash. The water wash removes traces of caustic and DBA, both of which are serious catalyst poisons. Also, the water wash is used to control the water content of the reactor feed (which has to be kept at a predetermined level to keep the polymerization catalyst properly hydrated) and remove NH3, which would poison the catalyst. Diolefins and oxygen should also be kept out of poly feed for good operation. [Pg.226]

Reactions leading to surface-active diamides form emulsions of the hydrated [A1(H20)6]C13 complex. However, by hydrolysis of the RPOCl2-AlCl3 complex with water at a molecular ratio of 1 6-7.5 in methylene chloride at a temperature of -10°C, the A1C13 from the complex reacts selectively forming a precipitation of [A1(H20)6]C13, which can be easily filtered off. From the solvent the alkanephosphonic acid dichloride can be isolated in good quality (Table 4). [Pg.581]

High quality SAMs of alkyhrichlorosilane derivatives are not simple to produce, mainly because of the need to carefully control the amount of water in solution (126,143,144). Whereas incomplete monolayers are formed in the absence of water (127,128), excess water results in facile polymerization in solution and polysiloxane deposition of the surface (133). Extraction of surface moisture, followed by OTS hydrolysis and subsequent surface adsorption, may be the mechanism of SAM formation (145). A moisture quantity of 0.15 mg/100 mL solvent has been suggested as the optimum condition for the formation of closely packed monolayers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (xps) studies confirm the complete surface reaction of the —SiCl3 groups, upon the formation of a complete SAM (146). Infrared spectroscopy has been used to provide direct evidence for the full hydrolysis of methylchlorosilanes to methylsilanoles at the solid/gas interface, by surface water on a hydrated silica (147). [Pg.537]


See other pages where Hydration water quality is mentioned: [Pg.67]    [Pg.357]    [Pg.723]    [Pg.678]    [Pg.5109]    [Pg.549]    [Pg.255]    [Pg.2623]    [Pg.442]    [Pg.69]    [Pg.102]    [Pg.293]    [Pg.293]    [Pg.286]    [Pg.70]    [Pg.585]    [Pg.106]    [Pg.82]    [Pg.266]    [Pg.1030]    [Pg.141]    [Pg.174]    [Pg.177]    [Pg.144]    [Pg.67]    [Pg.483]    [Pg.86]    [Pg.342]    [Pg.218]    [Pg.696]    [Pg.9]    [Pg.364]    [Pg.376]    [Pg.476]    [Pg.486]    [Pg.487]    [Pg.564]    [Pg.579]    [Pg.638]    [Pg.897]    [Pg.947]    [Pg.966]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.215 ]




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Hydration water

Water hydrates

Water quality

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