Hydration ratio

In the study by Thompson, et al. (11), the ml of gel released per 100 g emulsion for the reference emuTsion without soy, with soy isolate (SIF), soy concentrate (SCF) or soy flour (SF) was 6.07, 5.83, 5.49 and 3.08, respectively, when the hydration ratios were 1 4 (flourrwater) for SIF, 1 3 for SCF and 1 2 for SF. The ml gel released per 100 g emulsion containing 10, 15, 20, and 25% soy protein was 6.70, 5.01, 3.94 and 3.57, respectively. When soy protein concentrate was incorporated into an emulsion at the 3.5% level, the processing yields, textural profile and sensory textural attributes of frankfurters were not different among the products with and without added soy concentrate (13). An objective measure of compression and shear modulus indicated that soy protein concentrate incorporated into frankfurters at the 3.5% level had no effect on batter strength or texture ( M). The addition of a cottonseed protein to frankfurters to replace 5, 10 or 15% of the meat resulted in higher pH, less cured color, less firmness of skin, softer texture and reduced desirability as judged by a sensory panel (J5J. 

Evaluate the tautomerization constants fCT(A) and KT(Hy the hydration constants KH and KH>, and the microscopic pKa values pKA, pKB, pKc, and pfCD in the foregoing scheme. Assume that the hydration ratios Kh and Kw are the same in H20 (spectropho-tometric data) and in D20 (NMR data). 

This system is complicated by the appearance of two hydrate forms, mono- and dihydrate. The dihydrate is favored at higher excess oxalate local concentrations, while the monohydrate is favored at higher excess calcium local concentrations. Local concentrations within the device were shown to be possible and to cause a shift in hydrate ratio. The particle size results from two typical runs in this study at two jet velocities are shown in Fig. 10-16, and a photograph of the impingement plane is shown in Fig. 10-17 from Condon (2001). 

REFERENCE Karmazsin, E.. A Simple Apparatus for Measurement of the Hydration Ratio of Plasters and Plaster Rocks, The Chemistry and Technology of Gypsum, ASTM STP 861. R. A. Kuntze, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, 1984, pp. 57-66. 

Experimental results on incompletely hydrated plaster specimens show that either the weight loss or the integration curves allow the determination of the hydration ratio of the specimen with high accuracy. Il has been experimentally shown that the amount of heat involved in the hydration reaction is proportional all along the reaction to the conversion rate. 

KEY WORDS plaster, gypsum, anhydrite, vapor pressure, humidity, measure and integration. hydration ratio, plaster rocks, calcium sulfate P-hemihydraie. calcium sulfate dihydrate, reactor, water vapor molar fraction, isothermal calorimeter, thermoelectric captor... 

With a very simple apparatus and experimental procedure it is possible to elaborate a stable, reproducible standard specimen for kinetic studies. With this apparatus, the hydration ratio of incompletely hydrated plasters or plaster rocks can be determined with accuracy. Finally this apparatus demonstrates experi-... 

Dissolving an aldehyde in water results in the establishment of an equilibrium between the aldehyde and its hydrate. In the aqueous solutions of low-molar mass aldehydes, the hydrate ratio is much higher than in longer chained aldehyde solutions. 

In hydrates and solvates, the amount of water or solvent incorporation can vary. Often, stoichiometric amounts are found, but not always at a 1 1 ratio of water (solvent) to organic molecule. Some common hydrate ratios are shown in Table 7. Many compounds form hydrates or solvates, and examples are given... 

The influence of the hydration ratio and the physico-chemical properties of five supports in the hydroformylation of 1-octene was also studied [28]. The results confirm that the size of the pores and the amounts of water were found to be the determining factors contributing to SAPC effidency. 

Most authors have found the excess of water-soluble ligands to have limited effects on both activity and selectivity for linear/branched aldehydes, whether the optimum hydration ratio zone was narrow or wide. The ratio of hnear aldehydes (about 80%) is lower than that observed in biphasic aqueous catalysis. 

Despite promising results, SAPC has not yet been used for large commercial production. The new possibility of efficient SAPC over a wide range of support hydration [27, 28, 33] has technological importance since it significantly improves flexibility by avoiding a strict control of the hydration ratio. Therefore, this modification may open the way to apply SAPC on a commercial scale. 

Fig.3 shows the adiabatic temperature versus time for all the studied samples. The addition of clay to the cement paste produces a diminution of the induction period and an increase on the maximum of temperature. Clay accelerates the hydration ratio because it acts as nucleating agent of the CH crystallization. 

The correlation between entropy and hydration number is illustrated by the ratio of AShyd between La and Lu. Bertha and Choppin estimated this ratio to be 1.2. From activity coefficient measurements, Glueckauf (46) reported outer sphere hydration numbers of 7.5 and 8.7 for La and Lu, respectively, and also a La/Lu ratio of 1.2. Choppin and Graffeo (47) calculated hydration numbers from conductance data and reported a La/Lu hydration ratio of 1.1, while Padova measured molar volumes to obtain a La/Lu hydration ratio of 1.2. The consistency in this ratio calculated by four different methods supports the correlation between the total hydration numbers, the S hyd values, and the atomic number. 

FIGURE 23.7 Freezing points of sulfuric acid solutions at various specific gravities. The inflection points result from the different water to SO3 hydration ratios. 

Another experimental solution is to inject very small amounts of water (that will act as limiting reactant) and to avoid any separation step involving reactants and reacted products. In this simpler configuration the issues to solve are the improvement of the water diffusion in the solid (once the first injection performed and consequently further NaB02 XH2O formed) and the optimisation of water consumption (by reducing the NaB02 hydration ratio). 

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