Hunchback

Kyphosis Abnormal curvature of the spine resulting in protrusion of the upper back hunchback. 

Hugo, Victor. The hunchback of Notre Dame. Philadelphia (PA) Running P,... 

Kehle, J., Beuchle, D., Treuheit, S., Christen, B., Kennison, J.A., Bienz, M., and Muller, J. (1998) dMi-2, a Hunchback-interacting protein that functions in Polycomb repression. Science 282, 1897-1900. 

Essential for development [306]. Interacts with dHunchback protein. Functions in both Hunchback and Polycomb mediated repression in vivo [63] Interacts with the transcriptional repressor tramtrack69 [106]. 

To date only repressive functions have been ascribed to the NuRD complex. It has been suggested that in Drosophila its interaction with the Hunchback and... 

Driever, W. and Nusslein-Volhard, C. The bicoid protein is a positive regulator of hunchback transcription in the early Drosophila embryo (1989) Nature 337,138-143... 

FIGURE 28-37 Regulatory circuits of the anterior-posterior axis in a Drosophila egg. The bicoid and nanos mRNAs are localized near the anterior and posterior poles, respectively. The caudal, hunchback, and pumilio mRNAs are distributed throughout the egg cytoplasm. The gradients of Bicoid (Bed) and Nanos proteins lead to accumulation of Hunchback protein in the anterior and Caudal protein in the posterior of the egg. Because Pumilio protein requires Nanos protein for its activity as a translational repressor of hunchback, it functions only at the posterior end. 

Gap genes—define four broad regions in the egg hunchback (hb)... 

Sideline. Newton declared (with false modesty ) that his achievements were possible because "he was walking on the shoulders of giants" his competitor, Robert Hooke, was a hunchback That same remark, nani gigantium humeris insidentes," was not original with Newton It was first attributed to Bernard of Chartres (twelfth century). 

While it may seem obvious, birth defects are not new. In the vast majority of cases, birth defects and their causes cannot be linked to modern consumer products, occupational exposures, therapeutic or recreational drugs, or environmental pollutants. Congenital defects are perhaps the greatest source to have influenced the myths of antiquity (second only to belief in divinity or the study of the heavens), fairy tales of Rumpelstiltskin and other dwarfs, elves and hunchbacks or otherwise twisted (arthrogryposis, torticollis, and scoliosis) trolls, or contemporary book and film scripts of the macabre. 

Since the Kundalini Shakti is coiled around the lingam at Muladhara she is called Kubjika ("the Hunchback"), but from the point of view of the Twelve Inch Flame she is a straight line which stretches on into infinity. 

Reinitz, J., Mjolsness, E., and Sharp, D. H. (1995) Model for cooperative control of positional information in Drosophila by bicoid and maternal hunchback, J. Exp. Zool 271, 47-56. 

Cell types at the posterior end of the fly embryo are controlled by a different mechanism—one in which control is at the translational level rather than the transcriptional level. As just discussed, transcription of the embryo s hunchback gene, which promotes anterior cell fates, produces an anteriorly located band of hunchback mRNA and Hunchback protein because of the anterior posterior gradient of maternally derived Bicoid protein. In addition, however, hunch-... 

Nanos protein localization in the posterior embryo is intimately coupled to the regulation of translation of nanos mRNA. The nanos mRNA that is not located at the posterior is not translated due to a protein called Smaug that binds the 3 UTR of nanos mRNA. Localization of nanos mRNA at the posterior depends on other proteins as well. One of these is Oskar, whose maternally provided mRNA is transported to the posterior by kinesin, a motor protein that moves along microtubules (Chapter 20). Therefore the kinesin controls, after several intervening steps, the localized activity of a transcription factor (Hunchback). 

Early anterioposterior patterning in Drosophila produces an anterior posterior gradient of Hunchback (Hb), a transcription factor that promotes anterior cell fates. Transcription of the embryonic hb gene is activated by maternally derived Bicoid protein, which is localized to the anterior (see Figure 15-20). 

In Section 15.3, we saw that maternally derived Bicoid plays a key role in initiating the transcription of gap genes (e.g., hunchback) in the anterior region of the early fly embryo other maternal factors prevent the translation of hunchback mRNA in the posterior. Further specification of cell fates in Drosophila is controlled by transcription cascades in which... 

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