Human reliability enhancing

In addition to the activities for facilitating enhanced methods and approaches for PSA, investigations are needed for providing additional or updating data in the areas of human reliability and reliability of fire protection features. 

Malone, T. B., G. K. Rousseau, and J. T. Malone. Enhancement of Human Reliability in Port and Shipping Operations. Water Studies 9 (2000) 101-111. 

The primary goals of HRA are to assess the risks attributable to human error and determine the ways of reducing system vulnerability due to human error impact. These goals are achieved by its three principal functions of identifying what errors can occur (human error identification), deciding how likely the errors are to occur (human error quantification), and, if appropriate, enhancing human reliability by reducing this error likelihood (human error reduction). The HRA process can be broken down into several steps as seen below ... 

Erasure. Only one biomarker of exposure, HD A, was located in the surveyed literature (Brorson et al. 1990). This biomarker may be some use for acute-duration exposmes, but only if urine is collected from the exposed person within 6-12 hours after exposure. No reliable biomarkers of exposure are available for chronic, low-level exposures in humans, although blood immunoglobulins (in particular IgG) may be useful in determining exposures to the diisocyanates as a group, and not a specific exposme to HDl. Studies to determine other biomarkers that would be sensitive enough to detect chronic, low-level exposures to HDl/HDl prepolymers and be specific to HDl only, with low cross-reactivity to other diisocyanates, would be extremely useful, and would enhance the database. 

The most frequent, reliable approach for element speciation in real samples today uses combined - or hyphenated - techniques, where species are selectively separated (e.g., by a chromatographic technique) and then the elements in the various chemical forms are selectively detected. To enhance the quality of measurements, molecule-selective detection is also coupled to separation devices. These combinations provide extended flexibility and broad applicability. Disadvantages are that, as complexity increases, the risk increases of system failure. Besides, species equilibrium can be drastically altered during separation due to dilution, some components can be removed, and so on. Under such conditions, species transformation and destruction is a likely consequence. Therefore, the total separation time should be shorter than the transformation rate of species. Figure 17.1 gives an overview of the strategy and various speciation methods mostly used for element speciation in human milk. 

Metabolomics is now an integral part of most major systems biology grants we can thus expect more coordinated large-scale efforts and projects of high-quality research where metabolite profiling data will be fused with that from other Omics platforms. Most importantly, standardization and establishment of robust and reliable cross-platform metabolomics databases are absolutely necessary. Such initiatives (57) are needed to promote the topic and finally assess its utility in enhancing the quality of human life. 

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