Human milk agents

The pH optima of human milk lysozyme (HML), bovine milk lysozyme (BML) and egg-white lysozyme (EWL) are 7.9, 6.35 and 6.2, respectively. BML has a molecular weight of 18kDa compared with 15kDa for HML and EWL. The amino acid composition of BML is reported to be considerably different from that of HML or EWL. All lysozymes are relatively stable to heat at acid pH values (3-4) but are relatively labile at pH greater than 7. Low concentrations of reducing agents increase the activity of BML and HML by about 330%. 

Propofol Propofol has been relatively free of acute side effects other than those associated with its mechanism of action. Continuous infusions lasting greater than 10 days in ICUs have demonstrated no significant apparent toxicities. Propofol is not recommended for obstetrics, including cesarean section deliveries. It crosses the placenta, and as with other general anesthetic agents, may be associated with neonatal depression. Propofol is not recommended for use in nursing mothers because it is excreted in human milk, and the effects of oral absorption of small amounts of propofol in newborn and infants are not known. 

Oligosaccharides of mammalian milk contain a-L-fucosyl residues. In particular, the oligosaccharides in human milk play a protective role against infectious agents.207... 

C26H45NO21 707.636 Isol. from human milk. Aminogenesis-inducing agent. 

Cheston M. Berlin Jr., M.D., is a university professor of pediatrics and professor of pharmacology at the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Children s Hospital. His expertise and research interests are in pediatric nutrition, lactation, breastfeeding, drugs in human milk, failure to thrive, phenylketonuria, Tourette syndrome, drugs and nutrition, and caffeine. Dr. Berlin received his M.D. from Harvard Medical School. He is a member of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Society for Nutritional Sciences, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition and is chair of the U.S. Pharmacopeia Immunizing Agents Expert Committee. 

Human milk is the primary agent for infant nutriture and thereby guides the composition of manufactured infant formula and milk substitutes. The reported concentration of biotin in human milk is variable with lactation (and unfortunately between analytical methods), but is more than sufficient to supply the newborn infant with the RDI of 5-6pg/day, as evidenced by the absence of reported deficiency syndromes in breast-fed babies. Interestingly, most biotin in milk is present in a free form and therefore unbound with any macromolecules. As expected, when milk is separated into its fat and aqueous fractions, the water-soluble biotin is found predominantly in the skim-milk phase. Biotin has some lipophilidty and so a small percentage is carried into the cream as part of the fat-globule membrane. The total concentration of human milk is not large and somewhat similar to bovine milk. With respect to breast milk substitutes, it is necessary to ensure the biotin status remains comparable, thus international guidelines recommend 0.4-2.4pg/100 kJ of reconstituted or ready-to-feed infant formula. 

Cells of microorganisms have constituted a portion of human food siace ancient times. Yeast-leavened baked products contain the residual nutrients from the yeast cells destroyed duriag bakiag (see Bakery processes and leavening agents). Cultured dairy products, such as yogurt, buttermilk, and sour cream, contain up to lO cells of lactic acid bacteria per gram (19) (see Milk and milkproducts). Other examples of fermented foods consumed siace early times iaclude fermented meats, fish, and soybean products. 

Furosemide is a diuretic agent used to treat edema in both human and veterinary medicine and requires a 48-h withdrawal period for milk produced by cattle... 

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