HTS Application

In general, a compound must be soluble at the assay screening dose to yield reproducible and believable biology testing results. The exception occurs in in vitro 

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The graphically deduced constants are subsequently refined by a weighted nonlinear least squares procedure [472]. Although the potentiometric method can be used in discovery settings to calibrate high-throughput solubility methods and computational procedures, it is too slow for HTS applications. It is more at home in a preformulation lab. 

This overview is mainly related to the visualization and quantitative analysis of sensor arrays for HTS applications using time-domain lifetime imaging technologies. 

In cortical neurons, 5-HT application excited and inhibited different cortical neurons (82,83), although the predominant effect of 5-HT was an inhibition of spontaneous firing (82,84-86). Similar actions have been described in other neuronal types such as midbrain periaqueductal gray neurons (87) and hippocampal pyramidal neurons (88-90). 

The Osmose company has been marketing a phosphate-free fire retardant (FirePro ) that contains borate and other materials. It is for the pressure impregnation of lumber and plywood and is claimed for Interior Type A high temperature (HT) applications.26 27... 

Resazurin is a chemical redox indicator that functions like the tetrazolium compounds. The resazurin reduction assay approach has successfully replaced tritiated thymidine incorporation for some HTS applications (Ahmed, Gogal, and Walsh 1994 Shum et al. 2008). Resazurin can be dissolved in physiological buffers resulting in an intense blue solution that is added directly to growing... 

For HTS applications, the incubation period required to generate adequate fluorescent signal above background is usually about 2 to 4 hr, depending on the number of cells per well and their metabolic activity. Although longer incubation periods have been used, caution should be observed to avoid artifacts caused by the potential for secondary chemical reduction of resorulin into a colorless non-fluorescent compound and the known toxic effects of resazurin exposure to cells. 

Therefore, due to the practical limitations described above, the use of a non-fluo-rescent acceptor (usually called a quencher) is still the most popular way to use FRET in HTS applications. Most of the time, FRET is used to probe a protease activity using a peptide substrate labelled at each end of its sequence with the fluorescent donor and the quencher. In that case, the FRET readout is an increase in the donor fluorescence emission upon peptide cleavage by the protease. " However, as discussed above, such FRET readouts can lead to a significant number of false positive results in HTS. 

B) Time course of the inhibition of K current induced by a brief (1 min) application of 5-HT. Note that the blockade of the K current developed slowly after 5-HT application. The inhibition is then long-lasting (see text). 

Elshafei A, El-Zanfaly HT. Application of antimicrobials in the development of textiles. Asian J Appl Sci 2011 4(6) 585-95. 

Fig. 31. The effects of 5-HT, GABA, and NA on hippocampal neurons. (A) and (B) are two consecutive applications of GABA and 5-HT on the same neuron and (C) is from a different neuron. All three drugs were dissolved in Krebs solution prior to use to form a concentration of 0.1 mM. 5-HT application (arrow) caused the typical hyperpolarization associated with a moderate (30%) reduction in input resistance. GABA, in this cell, caused a 78% reduction in input resistance associated with a 20-mV depolarization. NE [arrow, (C)] produced a moderate hyperpolarization which was not associated with a conductance change. (From Segal, 1980.)...

The catalyst layer structures and components in HT-PEMFCs should be different from diose used in low-temperature PEMFCs. For example, water management in an HT-PEMFC is not a problem and thus the required hydrophobicity of the catalyst layer might not be a factor for HT-MEAs. Obviously, Nafion, the commonly used ionomer for low-temperature MEAs, is not suitable for HT applications. Unfortunately, die design and evaluation of HT catalyst layers have not yet attracted attention. This is most likely due to the lack of suitable materials for HT-MEA fabrication. For example, although a significant number of publications look at high-temperature membrane and ionomer development, these ionomers have seldom been used in a catalyst layer to replace Nafion, possibly due to the technical difficulties of doing so. 

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