Host defense reactions

Although OxPL generated at sites of inflammation might be able to prevent overwhelming inflammation in settings of sterile inflammation, impairment of the innate immune response to bacterial infections by OxPL is detrimental for the outcome of host defense reactions. 

Host Response to the Developing Parasitoid. Sometimes alterations in the composition of the host tissues are part of the response of the host defense reaction. An initial hemolymph response to foreign material is through the hemocytes (plasmatocytes and granulocytes), produced in hemopoietic organs near the dorsal diaphragm (40). Part of the humoral defense response is the synthesis of several enzymic, lectin, and bactericidal proteins (41-43). It is also probable that some parasitoids elicit unique humoral proteins, other than the bactericidal proteins (29). 

In some cases, the production of monoterpene aggregation pheromones by insects is quite complex. The production of pheromones by bark beetles (mostly of the genera Den-droctonus, Ips, and Scolytus) has been reviewed (Gershen-zon and Croteau, 1991 Vanderwel and Oehlschlager, 1987). Death of the host tree usually follows successful colonization (Johnson and Croteau, 1987). Tree mortality is usually necessary if the beetles are to survive because excavation of egg galleries and subsequent larval development can only take place after host defensive reactions have stopped. Pioneer beetles may encounter constitutive (preformed) resin on initial attack. This often leads to emission of pheromonal substances. Mass attack usually leads to rapid depletion of... 

An epidemiological survey of complementary symptoms, reminiscent of the HR of terrestrial resistant plants, such as tip bleaching or accumulation of fluorescent aromatic compounds around the site of penetration of parasite propagules (Figs. 12.2 and 12.3), may facilitate the evaluation of the impact of host-microbe interactions in natural populations (Correa and Sanchez 1996 Ellertsdottir and Peters 1997 Bouarab et al. 2001a). This could allow one to test the importance of oxida-tive-burst-associated defense reactions in various biotic interactions. 

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