Horses irritation

Avitrol [504-24-5] (4-anHnopyridine) (24), mp 155—158°C, bp 273°C, has repeUent—toxicant properties for birds and is classed as a severe poison and irritant. This secondary bird repeUent can be used as a broadcast bait, causing uncoordinated flight and distress caUs and escape responses in nearby birds (57). A reevaluation shows lack of effectiveness of 1% baits but better control of blackbirds with 3% baits (58). Suspected contamination of drinking water with 4-aminopyridine has been reported in toxicosis of Brahman catde and horses (59). 

Gastrointestinal Direct stomach irritation -nausea, vomiting and diarrhea California buckthorn (sacred bark), tung nut, horse chestnut, pokeweed Emodin and esculine (toxins) oil from seeds, nuts some medical uses Children are most often affected... 

Methylsalicylic acid, unlike acetylsalicylic acid, is nearly exclusively used as an external rubifacient drug for painful muscles or joints and distributed as ointments or liniments due to their irritating effects on the gastrointestinal mucosa. Absorption through intact skin is possible and has led to prosecution following detection in race-horse urine. 

Properties Oily liquid, having an odor like mustard, garlic, or horse radish. M, P. 13.5°. B. P. 215.5°, Readily soluble in fatty oils and lipoids. In liquid and gaseous state it readily penetrates clothing and leather. In presence of water it undergoes hydrolysis, and it is easily decomposed by bleaching powder and Chlo-ramine-T. Powerful vesicant (blister-producer) very persistent, causing eye irritation, conjunctivitis, and inflammation of respiratory tract which may lead to pneumonia. 

Injections of enrofloxacin i.v. are well tolerated by horses. Enrofloxacin is well absorbed after i.m. administration but is irritant. The... 

Erythromycin formulations are highly irritant if administered by i.m. injection and are not used in horses. Many p.o. preparations of erythromycin are enteric coated to allow passage into the small intestine, where absorption is higher because of the higher pH. In horses, erythromycin stearate and erythromycin phosphate produce peak plasma concentrations faster than the ester formulations following p.o. administration. 

Disinfection of the ocular surface prior to surgery is recommended. A 2% solution of povidone iodine is non-irritant and will reduce the microbial burden of the external eye significantly for up to 1 h after presurgical preparation. A 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution can be used with similar effect, although this may be irritant in some horses. In either case, scrub preparations must not be used. 

Cantharidin is an irritant toxic agent present in blister beetles. Only a few of the several species of blister beetles contain cantharidin. Blister beetles are abundant in mid-summer and late summer when alfalfa hay containing the beetles is harvested in the central plains of the United States. Horses are poisoned by eating the alfalfa hay containing crushed swarms of blister beetles. Affected horses develop severe colic. 

USA tear gas codename CN. Colourless to yellow crystals. Mp 59°C. Soluble in organic solvents. Solution evaporates to leave a fine solid aerosol. Lachrymator at 0.3 mg/m3 skin irritant at 100 mg/m3. Rapidly reversible. Dogs and horses relatively insensitive. 

Actions and Uses.—Internally —In excessive doses, irritant poison in medicinal doses it is occasionally employed as an anthelmintic also given to dogs to allay vomition. Externally —Caustic, disinfectant, astringent, and styptic applied to cancerous sores and ulcers which emit a fetid odour, e. g, canker and thrush in the foot of the horse, and foot-rot in sheep. It modifies suppuration and fadlitates cicatrization when applied to wounds. Said... 

Kodes of Application.—Internally —Diluted with water. In troublesome cough in horses, twenty minims of the acid with a drachm each of camphor and extract of belladonna, made into a ball with powdered liquorice or linseed meal, and given two or three times a day. To the dog, in obstinate vomiting, two grains of the add with ten grains of carbonate of soda and one ounce of water may be administered every hour. One drachm of the add with about a quart of water, employed slowly as an enema two or three times a day, lessens muscular contn ons in tetanus. Externally — To allay pain and irritation in chronic skin affections, especially in dogs, two to three drachms of the acid are mixed with a pint of distilled or rain water. 

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