Hormones, receptor for

Umemura S, Itoh H, Ohta M, et al. Immunohistochemical evaluation of hormone receptor for routine practice of breast cancer highly sensitive procedures significantly contribute to the correlation with biochemical assays. Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol. 2003 11 62-72. 

Hormone receptors for steroids were discovered in the early 1960s, when the technology to radioactively mark steroids became available. By obtaining tritium-labeled estradiol, Jensen could show the existence of an intracellular protein component that bound specifically to this hormone and that was called the estradiol receptor (ER). 

In the effector organs, target cells receive the hormone s message. These cells have hormone receptors for the purpose, which bind the hormone. Binding of a hormone passes information to the cell and triggers a response (effect). 

Contractile elements of the podocyte foot processes, which may influence the hydraulic permeability of the glomerular capillary wall, may be regulated via vasoactive hormones. Receptors for some vasoactive hormones, for example, en-dothelin (R4), atrial natriuretic peptide (S9), nitric oxide (K22), and angiotensin n (Yl), have been described on the podocyte surface. 

Another forefront technique to improve the function of the stratum corneum and enhance barrier repair in dry skin is the use of epidermal differentiation. A number of hormone receptors for epidermal differentiation have been identified. This family of receptors includes retinoic acid receptors, the steroid receptors, the thyroid receptors, the Vitamin D receptors, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, the farnesol-activated receptors, and the liver-activated receptors. It is reported that these transcription factors bind their respective ligands and regulate many of the aspects of cellular proliferation and differentiation. Examples of ligands for the last three transcription factors are fatty acids for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, famesol for the farnesol-activated receptor, and hydroxylated cholesterol derivatives for the liver-activated receptor. The stimulation of epidermal differentiation stimulated the synthesis of involucrin, filaggrin, and the enzymes of the ceramide synthesis pathway (74). 

Steroid hormone receptors (for gonadal steroids and adrenocortical steroids) are complex proteins inside the target cell. The steroid penetrates, is bound and translocates into the cell nucleus, which is the principal site of action and where RNA/protein synthesis occurs. Compounds that occupy the receptor without causing translocation into the nucleus or the replenishment of receptors act as antagonists, e.g. spironolactone to aldosterone, cyproterone to androgens, clomiphene to oestrogens. 

Eissa, S., Khalifa, A., el-Gharib, A., Salah, N., and Mohamed, N. K. (1997) Multivariate analysis of DNA ploidy, p53, c-erbB-2 proteins, EGFR, and steroid hormone receptors for prediction of poor short term prognosis in breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 17, 1417-1423. 

These mclude the steroid hormone receptors for predicting response... 

Beyond the established role of nuclear hormone receptors in the control of endocrine, metabolic and inflammatory processes, an increasing amount of data indicates a significant role of nuclear hormone receptors for the pathophysiology of a variety... 

As with other hormone effects, steroid hormones act by attaching to a protein receptor molecule. The fact that such small chemical differences among these basically very similar steroid molecules can result in such profoimdly different effects is just another indication of the extraordinary power of selective molecular recognition by protein molecules. Unlike the receptors for many other hormones, receptors for steroid hormones are not embedded in the cell membrane. They do not need to be because these hormone molecules are both small and hydrophobic... 

Schramm et al. (1977) have shown, using cell fusion, that the hormone receptor for one animal species will stimulate the adenyl cyclase system of another animal species. They suggest that the coupling of /3-androgen receptors to adenyl cyclase in eukaryotic cells may occur by a universal mechanism. 

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