Hormone permissiveness

FIGURE 2.10 Analytical SEC for determination of abnegates in preparations of recombinant human growth hormone using Superdex 75 HR 10/30. [Reproduced from Hagel (1993). with permission.]... 

Figure 10. Primary cultures of mouse kidney cells. Primary cultures of kidney epithelial cells derived from 10-day-old mice were grown either in hormonally defined medium with five supplements (5 pg/ml insulin, 5 pg/ml transferrin, 25 ng/ml PCE, 5 X10" M hydrocortisone, and 5 x 10" M Tj), or in medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. After 10 days, primary cultures still were epithelial in morphology serum free (a) but were overgrown with fibroblasts with serum (b). (Taub et al., 1979 with permission.)...

Otfier fiormones accelerate tfie release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue and raise tfie plasma free fatty acid concentration by increasing the rate of lipolysis of the triacylglycerol stores (Figure 25—8). These include epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a- and P-melanocyte-stimulat-ing hormones (MSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone (GH), and vasopressin. Many of these activate the hormone-sensitive hpase. For an optimal effect, most of these lipolytic processes require the presence of glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones. These hormones act in a facilitatory or permissive capacity with respect to other lipolytic endocrine factors. 

Figure 42-13. Structure of bovine preproparathyroid hormone. Arrows indicate sites cieaved by processing enzymes in the parathyroid giand (1-5) and in the iiver after secretion of the hormone (4-5). The bioiogicaiiy active region of the moiecuie is fianked by sequence not required for activity on target receptors. (Slightly modified and reproduced, with permission, from Habener JF Recent advances in parathyroid hormone research. Clin Biochem 1981 14 223.)...

FIGURE 10-3. Expected neurohumoral response to hypovolemia. ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone ADH, antidiuretic hormone CNS, central nervous system Na, sodium. (Reprinted from Jimenez EJ. Shock. In Civetta JM, Taylor RW, Kirby RR, eds. Critical Care. New York Lippincott-Raven 1997 369, with permission.)... 

Adapted, with permission. hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone. 

FIGURE 46-2. Hormonal fluctuations with the normal menstrual cycle. (Reprinted, with permission, from ref. 3.)... 

In permissiveness, one hormone enhances the responsiveness of the target tissue to a second hormone in other words, the first hormone increases the activity of the second. For example, the normal maturation of the reproductive system requires reproductive hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads as well as the presence of thyroid hormone. Although thyroid hormone by itself has no effect on the reproductive system, if it is absent the development of this system is delayed. Therefore, thyroid hormone is considered to have a permissive effect on the reproductive hormones, facilitating their actions causing sexual maturation. 

Figure 1.5 The thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine are produced by the action of iodoperoxidase and subsequent proteolysis of thyroglobin. (From Voet and Voet, 2004. Reproduced with permission from John Wiley Sons., Inc.)...

Figure 4.12 Analysis of biosynthetic human growth hormone by isocratic reversed-phase chromatography. To generate all possible degradation products, a production lot of HGH was exposed to 40°C. The profile of the unstressed HGH is shown in the upper trace. (Reproduced from R.M. Riggin, G.K. Dorulla, and DJ. Miner, Anal. Biochem., 167 199 [1987]. With permission from Elsevier Science.)...

Fig. 1 Thyroid hormone synthesis in a thyroid follicular cell. NIS and TPO (organification and coupling reaction) have been marked in red dashed line as the two main targets for direct thyroid gland function disrupters. DEHALl iodotyrosine dehalogenase 1, DIT diiodotyrosine, DUOX2 dual oxidase 2, MIT monoiodotyrosine, Na/K-ATPase sodium-potassium ATPase, NIS sodium-iodide symporter, PSD pendrin, TG thyroglobulin, TPO thyroperoxidase. Reprinted from [7] with permission from Elsevier...

Figure 6.6 Hypothetical comparison of ambient analyte and mass-sensing analysis of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Solid line indicates mass assay dashed line indicates ambient analyte assay. Antibody affinity of 10"i° liter per mole and volume of 100 pL are assumed. Mass assay assumes 10i° binding sites per 100 pL. (From Silzel, J.W. et al., Clin. Chem., 44, 2036-2043, 1998. With permission.)...

The action of HA is indirect, mediated primarily via activation of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) originating in parvocellular neurons in the PVN and secondly via vasopressin (AVP) originating in parvo- and magnocellular neurons in the PVN and in the SON [18-24]. The effect of CRH is predominantly mediating in character (i.e. HA releases CRH which subsequently stimulates ACTH secretion) [18] while the effect of AVP seem to be mediating as well as permissive in character (i.e. AVP has to be present in order for HA to exert its effect on ACTH secretion) [25]. Besides these two important mediators, prostaglandins are involved in HA-induced release of the POMC-derived peptides from the anterior lobe [26], whereas catecholamines, oxytocin (OT) and serotonin (5-HT) do not participate [27-28, Willems et al. (unpublished observations)]. 

Fig.4.23. Separation of some thyroid hormones (see text for details). (From ref. SO with permission of Preston Technical Abstracts Co., Niles, III.)...

Thyroid hormones affect a wide variety of peripheral tissues throughout the individual s life.8,55 In some situations, these hormones exert a direct effect on cellular function (e.g., T4 and T3 appear to increase cellular metabolism by directly increasing oxidative enzyme activity). In other instances, thyroid hormones appear to play a permissive role in facilitating the function of other hormones. For instance, thyroid hormones must be present for growth hormone to function properly. The principal effects of the thyroid hormones are listed below. 

In contrast to the steroid receptor family, members of the thyroid receptor family typically do not associate with accessory proteins and are not localized to the extranucleus matrix. Rather, these receptors exist in the basal state associated with chromatin in the cell nucleus. When bound by hormone ligand, thyroid receptor family members dissociate from the chromatin and typically form heterodimeric combinations with the retinoid-X receptor (RXR). RXR also is capable of homodimerization in association with its ligand 9-cis retinoic acid. Thus high 9-cis retinoic acid levels apparently promote homodimerization, and low levels are permissive of heterodimerization of RXR with activation by the partner ligand. 

FIG. 15 Effect of lycopene on resorption of the calcium phosphate substrate coating of osteologic multitest slides in the presence of osteoclasts (Rao et al., 2003). (Lycopene I -Effect on osteoclasts Lycopene inhibits basal and parathyroid hormone-stimulated osteoclast formation and mineral resorption mediated by reactive oxygen species in ray bone marrow cultures. Reprint from Journal of Medicinal Food. 2003 6, pp. 69-78 by permission of Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., Publishers.)... 

Posterior pituitary hormones. (Modified and reproduced, with permission, from Ganong WF Review of Medical Physiology, 21st ed. McGraw-Hill, 2003.)... 

Figure 8.4. Photographs of Daucus carota cell suspensions treated with hormones. 2,4-Dichlo-rophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) 6-benzylaminopurine (6BAP). (A, control B, control + 2,4-D + 6BAP C, control + 2,4-D D, control + 6BAP). Reprinted from Muscolo, A., Bovalo, F., Gionfriddo, F., and Nardi, S. (1999). Earthworm humic matter produces auxin-like effects on Daucus carota cell growth and nitrate metabolism. Soil Biol. Biochem. 31,1303-1311, with permission from Elsevier Limited.

Figure 5.2 Effect of ionic strength on the separation of bioactive peptides. Conditions capillary, 375 gm O.D. X 75 /u.m I.D. x 57 cm (50 cm to detector) separation voltage, 30 kV temperature, 30°C buffer, 0.025 M-0.125 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate, pH 2.44. (Reprinted from Ref. 5 with permission.) (1) Bradykinin (BRAD) (2) Angiotensin II(ANG II) (3) Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) (4) Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) (5) Bombesin (BOMB) (6) Leucine enkephalin (LENK) (7) Methionine enkephalin (MENK) (8) Oxytocin (OXYT) (9) Dynorphin (DYNO).

Figure 8.11 Separation of a mixture of human hormones (a) total ion current (TIC) profile (b) UV profile (254 nm). Conditions injection volume, 60 nl capillary, 25 cm x 250 /xm I.D. PEEK capillary, C18, 5 /xm flow rate, 1 /xl/min gradient, 40-80% acetonitrile in 25 min. Peaks 1, nortestosterone 2, testosterone 3, diethylstilbestrol 4, methyltestosterone 5, medroxyprogesterone , diethylstilbestrol impurity. (Reprinted from Ref. 26 with permission.)...

Fig. 1 The major classes of steroid hormones progestagens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens. Enzymes, their cellular location, substrates, and products in human steroidogenesis. Boron WF, Boulpaep EL (2003) Medical Physiology a cellular and molecular approach, p 1300, Elsevier/Saunders (reprinted with permission from Elsevier/Saunders)...

Fig. 10.15. Gradient elution CEC separation of steroid hormones. Conditions capillary, 9.6 (17.6) cm x 50 pm i.d. packed with 6 pm Zorbax ODS mobile phase, A, acetonitrile-10 raM borate, pH 8 (65 35 v/v) B, acetonitrile-10 mM borate, pH 8 (85 15 v/v), 0-100% B in 5 min, 100% B for 3 min at 0.1 ml/min 14 kV 25°C detection, UV at 205 nm injection, 1 kV/0.5 s. Peak identification 1, formamide 2, corticosterone 3, testosterone 4, androsten-3,17-dione 5, androstan-3,17-dione 6, pregnan-3,20-dione. Reproduced with permission from Huber et al. [68]. Copyright 1997 American Chemical Society.

Figure 16.2 Long-loop systems controlling the secretion of various pituitary hormones. A similar effect has been observed with somatomedins, growth factors released by the liver in response to GH. (Reproduced by permission from Hadley ME. Endocrinology, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1988, p. 126.)...

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