Horizontal and vertical configurations

Reciprocating pumps are fabricated in both horizontal and vertical configurations. 

We have used both the horizontally and vertically configured impactors to sample coal-combustion aerosols in elevated plumes and in plumes at ground level near Deep Creek Lake in western Maryland. Few problems were encountered in this study however, particle bounce could not be evaluated for ambient samples because the individual submicrometer particles could not be discerned. Marple and Rubow (8) have performed extensive calibrations with monodisperse aerosols these show that impaction plates covered with aluminium foil have slightly larger D50S than plates covered with Teflon-fiber filters. 

In fact, the flow patterns are even more complex than appear in the figure. Russell and co-workers identified no less than 26 regions of flow behavior, including both horizontal and vertical configurations [P.T Cichy, J.B. Ultman, and T.W.F. Russell, Ind. Eng. Chem., 61, 6 (1968)]. The most basic divisions, as far as reactor modeling is concerned, are those systems in which both gas and liquid phases are continuous versus those in which the two phases are discrete. Those are treated accordingly below. 

Figure 1. Horizontal and Vertical Configurations of the Lasagna Process, Reproduced with permission from reference 24. Copyright 1997 Elsevier...

Conventional extmsion or coextrusion may be performed on vertical or horizontal rotary or shuttle mold configurations. In shuttie blow mol ding the extmder and die are in fixed horizontal and vertical position two or more molds shuttie into and out of position beneath the die. By reciprocating in two planes, the mold may remove a parison and permit the extmder to function continuously. 

The flow of air may be vertically upwards or horizontal, and the configuration of the condenser will follow from this (see Figure 6.2). Small cylindrical matrices are also used, the air flowing radially inwards and out through a fan at the top. 

This basic operation utilises a two-bowl calender in horizontal or vertical configuration. The feed material, either in strip or pig form, is fed into one side of the nip and is squeezed by the bowls, thereby emerging as a sheet which is pulled from the bowl by some manual or mechanical means or supported by a liner cloth. Because of their versatility, three-bowl calenders are now more widely used for sheeting as well as other basic calendering operations. Thickness control is accomplished by use of the adjustable nips and may be further refined by automatic control systems using thickness sensors. It should be noted here that the force required in the nip to flatten the feed material causes deflection of the bowls, however slight. If some corrective steps are not taken, the product thickness will vary across the sheet, resulting in excessive variations of the product and possibly excessive use of expensive materials. In order to overcome these problems, three basic techniques are used to achieve uniform product thickness ... 

The electrodynamic balance or quadrupole began with the electric mass filter of Paul and Raether (1955), who demonstrated that a charged mass can be stably levitated by means of a quadrupole arrangement of electrodes, one of the simplest configurations being that shown in Fig. 3. An ac potential is applied to the rods in the horizontal plane, and a dc potential is applied to the upper and lower rods as in the Millikan condenser. The ac field has horizontal and vertical components that are 180° out of phase, thereby... 

Subsequent to the empty chamber studies, maximum load temperature distribution studies should be conducted to determine if the load configuration influences the temperature distribution profile obtained from the empty chamber studies. The thermocouples utilized in the heat distribution studies are distributed geometrically in representative horizontal and vertical planes throughout the sterilizer. The geometric center and corners of the sterilizer should also be represented. An additional thermocouple should be placed in the exhaust drain adjacent to the sensor that controls vessel temperature, if possible. 

The Reynolds numbers for the flow of a molten metal along a capillary braze gap are usually less than 1000 as will be shown later, and the theoretical laminar flow rates for such configurations have been calculated by Milner (1958) for both horizontal and vertical joints. He regarded the flow into a horizontal joint induced by capillary attraction as being impeded only by viscous drag, and derived a simple parabolic expression to describe such behaviour,... 

Figure 7-9 Mie calculations of visibility curves for different optical configurations of the receiving optics in direct forward scatter (A. = 632.8 ran 1 fringe spacing df = 10.2 pm, circular mask, receiving cone angle 5 = 4° 2 df = 18 0 pm, circular mask, 5 = 4° 3 df = 6.55 pm, rectangular mask, receiving aperture angle in horizontal and vertical direction, 5h = 11°, Sv = 4°)...

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