Homology and Analogy

Finally, in connection with the investigations on the antineuritic action of homologs and analogs of vitamin Bi, the corresponding seleno compound was also mentioned. However, no details are given on the properties (except mp 203°C) and method of synthesis of this compound. 

Azido-2,3-diphenyl-3//-indole (510) gave mainly 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline (511) (MeaNCHO, reflux, 16 h 82%) 586 cf 664 homologs and analogs made similarly.586... 

Maier, L. and Rist, G., Organic phosphorus compounds. 77. Synthesis and properties of phosphinothricin homologs and analogs, Phosph. Sulf, 17, 21, 1983. 

Orders for certain chemicals used to make psychedelics (especially large orders in suspect areas) are sometimes checked by narcs. Indole, lithium aluminum hydride, trimethoxybenzaldehyde, phenyl-2-propanol, diethylamine, olivetol and ergotamine are among those watched. The vast majority of the homologs and analogs described here are, however, legal to manufacture and use. 

The A1 and A (6) THCs with the n-pentyl in the 5 position (obtained by using olivetol in the syntheses) are naturally occurring and hence illegal, but the A3 THCs and the numerous isomers, homologs and analogs of the A1 and A (6) compounds are probably legal. 

A number of homologs and analogs of Tetryl are known. For example... 

The routes to the proof of structure and identification of species of PAF and related homologs and analogs can be classified into two methodological approaches. The first one can provide limited, but meaningful, data and can be accomplished in any laboratory equipped with basic chemical and biochemical capability, and the second one centers on the use of highly sophisticated (and expensive) instrumentation. These will be referred to simply as Approach 1 and Approach II, respectively. 

The reader will note that we avoided mention of the n 0 species and the difference of their enthalpies of formation and those with n = 1. For the gas phase Me2N(CH=CH) CHO series, the difference is 87.7 kJ mol-1 while for the H(CH=CH) H series it is 52.5 kJ mol-1. For the liquid phase Me2N(CH=CH) CHO series, the difference is 64.3 kJ mol-1, while for the solid phase Ph(CH=CH) Ph and PhN=CH(CH=CH) NHPh series, they are now 8 and 37.5 kJ mol-1. A pattern is not particularly obvious—then again we have included real amides and amidines, biphenyl that wants to be twisted and diatomic hydrogen. Perhaps we have taken chemical homology and analogy too far. 

Feeney, R. E. Allison, R. G. "Evolutionary Biochemistry of Proteins. Homologous and Analogous Proteins from Avian Egg Whites, Blood Sera, Milk, and Other Substances" John Wiley and Sons New York, N.Y., 1969. 

Perhaps plans have not heen formulated in several cases, or results disseminated. The avenues of research that the identification of a natural product may open are many, so that in the true sense these compounds may be considered allelochemic (J )as opposed to strictly allelopathic. For example, the discovery of a novel biologically active natural product logically presupposes that the metabolic pathway will eventually he elucidated, that possible synthesis, or partial synthesis may be attempted, that homologs and analogs will be described and that other areas may be considered for eventual employment of these materials, not only in more obvious uses such as pesticides, hut also medicinal and non-biological areas. An example of a non-biological use is that of orlandin ( ) which is denatured in acetone to produce an acid and base resistant product which is ceramic-like and is not soluble in organic solvents. 

The comparative attractancy of gyplure and its homologs and analogs to male gypsy moths is shown in Table II. The natural attractant is active at 10 fig. in the laboratory and 10 fig. in the field m-gyplure is active at 10 fig. in the laboratory and 10 fig. in the field. Conversion of the gyplure double bond to the trans form causes a tremendous drop in activity (27). 

The work has been for the most part remodeled. Chapter I deals with Fundamental Considerations. Chapter II is devoted to the life history of the Male Fern, a median type of plant, the consideration of which, after the students have received fundamental practice in the use of the microscope, the writer has found commendable, for it not only gives beginners a working knowledge of structures and functions, the homologies and analogies of which will be met in the later study of forms of higher and lower domain, but holds their interest on account of its economic importance. 

These reflections on optimistic and pessimistic attitudes make it easier to understand the philosophical premises of the Hermetica and of modern Hermeticism. In these traditions there is no absolute dualism. For example, what is called "moist nature" in the Poimandies, is not presented as an ontological principle,- there is deprivation, but not a complete break. This applies equally well, in modem tradition, to Jacob Boehme and other theosophers. There could not be a real dualism, especially as the world below, so complex, is in homological and analogical touch with the worlds above, which are also extremely complex. In the treatise Nous to Hermes, Nous addresses Hermes in order to teach him how to... 

Mexican mushroom in the form of its phosphate ester, psilocybin. The discovery of the structure of this compound, and its synthesis, were the work of the same Swiss chemist (2) who first synthesized LSD 25. Psilocin is not quite as effective in man as is LSD 25, but it produces essentially the same effects on the mental processes, and should therefore be included in any discussion of psychochemical drugs. Much less is known about the effects of psilocin than about the effects of LSD 25, because the latter has been more widely studied over a number of years however, the relatively simple chemical structure of psilocin is an advantage from the point of view of large scale synthesis and the development of more effective homologs and analogs of the original molecule. 

Allison, R. G. In Evolutionary biochemistry of proteins Homologous and analogous proteins from avian egg whites, blood sera, milk and other substances, Chap. 6, p. 144. New York Wiley-Interscience 1969. 

The reaction has been very useful for the synthesis of substituted py-ridines, particularly pyridoxine (vitamin Be) and its homologs and analogs. In the last decade a number of papers and patents dealing with the interaction of oxazoles with dienophiles, leading to pyridines, have appeared, they were critically reviewed by Karpeiskii and Florent ev11 in 1969. Therefore, reactions leading to pyridines are described here only briefly, in order to give a clear picture of the scope of the reaction. 

Most recently, Jonsson and co-workers (2001) studied homologs and analogs of PEA (21). Oleoylethanolamide at 100 pM showed 64.6 1.5% inhibition of pH] WIN55212-2 binding to hnman CBj receptors expressed on CHO cells. Other componnds had lesser effects at CBj. PEA, palmitoylisopropylamide, and R-palmitoyl-(2-methyl)ethanolamide had modest effects npon pH] CP55940 binding to hnman CB, receptors expressed on CHO cells. 

Another method which places most emphasis on the ability to retrieve homologous and analogous compounds is derived from an integrated system which uses a set of spectral features optimized to the specification given in Fig. 4. These features are coded in one bit each. To keep the information loss within acceptable limits, individual threshold levels are used for every feature. The definitions used are presented in Table 1. Different... 

Chart 2. Some antifungal homologs and analogs of isobutyric acid... 

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