Homologated synthesized

Hydrocarbons, of the same carbon skeletal structure as the starting acids, plus water and C02, as the common by-products of these homologation syntheses. 

The most general methods for the syntheses of 1,2-difunctional molecules are based on the oxidation of carbon-carbon multiple bonds (p. 117) and the opening of oxiranes by hetero atoms (p. 123fl.). There exist, however, also a few useful reactions in which an a - and a d -synthon or two r -synthons are combined. The classical polar reaction is the addition of cyanide anion to carbonyl groups, which leads to a-hydroxynitriles (cyanohydrins). It is used, for example, in Strecker s synthesis of amino acids and in the homologization of monosaccharides. The ff-hydroxy group of a nitrile can be easily substituted by various nucleophiles, the nitrile can be solvolyzed or reduced. Therefore a large variety of terminal difunctional molecules with one additional carbon atom can be made. Equally versatile are a-methylsulfinyl ketones (H.G. Hauthal, 1971 T. Durst, 1979 O. DeLucchi, 1991), which are available from acid chlorides or esters and the dimsyl anion. Carbanions of these compounds can also be used for the synthesis of 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds (p. 65f.). 

The three thiazoleacetic acids and higher homologs such as the derivatives of propionic acid have been synthesized (5), They are usually prepared by the Hantzsch s method, either as the free acid or as the ester from which the free acid is obtained by hydrolysis (49, 73). 

Insulin and Amylin. Insulin is a member of a family of related peptides, the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), including IGF-I and IGF-II (60) and amylin (75), a 37-amino acid peptide that mimics the secretory pattern of insulin. Amylin is deficient ia type 1 diabetes meUitus but is elevated ia hyperinsulinemic states such as insulin resistance, mild glucose iatolerance, and hypertension (33). Insulin is synthesized ia pancreatic P cells from proinsulin, giving rise to the two peptide chains, 4. and B, of the insulin molecule. IGF-I and IGF-II have stmctures that are homologous to that of proinsulin (see INSULIN AND OTHER ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS). 

Methylisoxazole (297 R = Me) and its homologs can be synthesized by reaction of hydroxylamine hydrochloride with 1-alkyl-3-dimethylamino-2-propen-l-one (296) (54IZV47), the anilino derivatives of acetoacetaldehyde (47G556), 3-dimethyl-aminomethylene-l-propyne (equation 7) (69ZOR1179) and the /3-ketoaldehyde (293) (66JOC3193). 

Sen and Kakaji synthesized a series of 4-butyrylnaphthocoumarins 48 from l-butyryl-2-naphthols 49 using acetic anhydride and two homolog anhydrides in excellent yields. They also showed that l-propionyl-2-naphthols and l-acetyl-2-naphthols could be converted to their corresponding coumarins using the same three anhydrides. However, l-acetyl-2-naphthol in the presence of acetic anhydride and sodium acetate gave a chromone not a coumarin. 

Rel homology domain (RHD) that encompasses a sequence-specific DNA-binding domain, a dimerization domain and a nuclear translocation signal (NLS) (Fig. la). RelA, cRel, and RelB contain a transcription activation domain (TAD). NF-kB 1 and NF-kB2 are synthesized as large precursors, pi 05 and pi 00, that are posttranslationnally processed to generate the mature forms, p50 and p52, which lack a TAD. 

Sodium LAS synthesized via aluminum chloride catalysis dissolves better than sodium LAS from the hydrogen fluoride route. The main difference is the tetralin content. Dialkyltetralinsulfonates (DATs) function as hydrotropes and this influence can be larger than that of the 2-phenylalkane content. For a homolog (equal alkyl side chains), the higher the DAT content, the lower the... 

Lagowski et al. (79) synthesized a very large series of bis(arene) Cr(0) compounds, thereby providing a good example of the use of metal-atom chemistry in synthesizing homologous series of compounds... 

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