Homogeneous in water

Analyses of compounds. Plant tissues were homogenized in water, adjusted to pH 3, and centrifuged at 3500 g for 15 min. The... 

Use of piperonyl butoxide, a potent cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, has been recommended as an effective means for preventing the degradation of chloramphenicol. Since addition of this substance to liver homogenates could result in a recovery enhancement from about 30% to 60%, it was suggested that incurred tissue samples taken for analysis should be frozen immediately after excision and homogenized in water containing 2.5% piperonyl butoxide (11). 

When analyzing milk samples for nitro furan residues, dilution with sodium chloride solution (155) or lyophilization (156) prior to extraction may be required. Dilution of egg samples with water prior to their solid-phase extraction has been also reported (157). Semisolid samples such as muscle, kidney, and liver, require a more intensive sample pretreatment. This involves use of a mincing apparatus followed by sample homogenization in water (37), sodium chloride solution (155), or dilute hydrochloric acid (158). 

Dispersibility 4 g disperse homogeneously in water after about 40 seconds. 

Microsuspension Polymerization. Microsnspension polymerization uses a monomer-soluble initiator. The monomer is homogenized in water... 

The candidate compound is added to the perfusate before the isolated liver is transferred to the perfusion setup. After 5 minutes recirculation in the system without the organ a sample of the perfusate is collected for determination of the starting concentration of the candidate compound (value at time 0). Then the isolated liver is connected to the perfusion chamber and subsequently samples of the perfusate are taken in 10 to 15 minute intervals as well as bile samples are taken in 15 minutes intervals for the determination of compound levels. The volume of excreted bile per 30 minutes is determined gravimetrically (difference between tube weight without and with bile per collection period) with the assumption that 1 g is equivalent to 1 ml of bile. If radioactive-labelled candidate compounds are used the intervals for bile collection can be much shorter (1 to 2 minutes). The liver is perfused for 2 hours and at the end of the perfusion experiment the liver is removed and immediately frozen for determination of tissue level of the compound in liquid nitrogen and later on stored at -20 °C until analysis. For analysis of tissue levels of the candidate compound the frozen livers are homogenized in water (1 g tissue in 1 ml water (or solvent to extract the candidate compound from the tissue)) using an ultra-turrax. 

Ohtsuru et al. (25) have recently investigated the behavior of phosphatidylcholine in a model system that simulated soy milk. They used spin-labelled phosphatidylcholine (PC ) synthesized from egg lysolecithin and 12-nitroxide stearic acid anhydride. The ESR spectrum of a mixture of PC (250 yg) and native soy protein (20 mg) homogenized in water by sonication resembled that observed for PC alone before sonication. However, when PC (250 yg) was sonicated in the presence of heat-denatured soy protein (20 mg), splitting of the ESR signal occurred. On this basis, they postulated the existence of two phases PC making up a fluid lamella phase and PC immobilized probably due to the hydrophobic interaction with the denatured protein. In a study of a soy-milk model, Ohtsuru et al. (25) reported that a ternary protein-oil-PC complex occurred when the three materials were subjected to sonication under the proper condition. Based on data from the ESR study, a schematic model has been proposed for the reversible formation-deformation of the ternary complex in soy milk (Figure 2). 

The presence of PAA may serve as fingerprints for detection of other functional groups. Unreacted isocyanates used in manufacture of corks may migrate to foodstuffs and hydrolyze there to the corresponding PAA. Thus, cork homogenates in water were extracted with hexane and analyzed by GC-MS for the presence of diamines such as 2,4-diaminotoluene (2e), 2,6-diaminotoluene (2f) and 4,4 -methylenedianiline (5a)65. A combination of pyrolysis with GC-MS was applied to qualitative analysis of azo dyes by detection of aromatic amines in the pyrolysate. This fast detection method was applied in... 

The synthesis of alkylidenes incorporating late transition metals has resulted in alkene metathesis catalysts having unprecedented functional group tolerance. In particular, the discovery that complexes of Group VIII transition metals were efficient ROMP catalysts introduced several advantages. Relative to their early transition metal counterparts, these classical catalysts functioned well in the presence of a variety of polar and protic functional groups (Table 2), and they functioned homogeneously in water. 

To examine the developed model, 3D numerical simulations of silica slurry dryiug iu the adopted spray chamber have beeu carried out. The slurry consists of amorphous silica spherical particles dispersed homogeneously in water with initial average moisture content of 1.35 kg H20/kg dry solid. The size of silica particles is 272 mn and the density is 1950 kg/m [40]. The critical moisture content calculated using Equation 10.6 is equal to 0.342 kg HjO/kg solid, and the final moisture content of dried particles is assumed to be 0.05 kg H20/kg solid. 

Nanopure is suspensions homogenized in water-free media or water mixtures, i.e., the drug suspensions in the non-aqueous media were homogenized at 0 °C or even below the freezing point and hence are called deep-freeze homogenization. It can be used effectively for thermolabile substances in milder conditions... 

Homogenization in water and further filtration or centrifugation Inorganic analytes and pesticides (dithiocarbamates, glyphosate, and metabolites) Soil, sediment, and particulate matter and biological material Incomplete sample dissolution... 

The hydrophilic character of CNs usually allows them to disperse homogenously in water and so they are usually obtained as aqueous suspensions [5]. As a result. 

A special case of phase separation is met with in the case that the polymer is insoluble in its own monomer as is the case with vinyl chloride. Emulsions of vinyl chloride in water may be formed by the diffusion method described above. A small amount of a compound Y is homogenized in water containing emulsifier. After further dilution with water, vinyl chloride is added and a stable emulsion of vinyl chloride is formed. By the subsequent polymerization,PVC is precipitated inside the droplets. Each droplet maintains its identity but is made up of two phases, one consisting of polymer swollen with monomer and compound Y (this phase may be subdivided into several particles inside the droplet) and an outer phase being composed of monomer and compound Y. The situation is different from the case of aqueous dispersions discussed so far in that the compound Y is present in what may be denoted the continuous phase inside the particles. Thus, in this case Y acts as a compound Y in relation to water and functions as a compound L inside the droplets. The continuous phase inside the droplet will contain only traces of polymer and the situation may therefore be described by the following equation ... 

The emulsion process can be used to synthesize inorganic and metallic nanoparticles with controlled particle size and morphology [99, lOOj. An emulsion is defined as a colloidal suspension of a hquid within another liquid. Emulsions can be divided into two categories (i) oil-in-water, where the oil droplets are suspended homogeneously in water (the droplets are referred to as micelles) and (ii) water-in-oil, where water droplets are suspended homogeneously in oil, known as reverse micelles. 

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