Hollow column structures

The dominant features in the structure are the hexagonal rings of six Si-0 tetra-hedra, these rings forming hollow columns parallel to the z-axis. Within the... 

The sample preparation of endohedral metallofullerenes was done by Shino-hara and details are described in the review article [16]. The soot containing M C2 (M=Sc and La) was produced in direct-current (300-400 A) spark mode under He flow at 50 torr and collected under totally anaerobic conditions. The target fullerenes were separated and isolated from the various hollow fullerenes (C60-C110) and other metallofullerenes by the two-stage high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method by using two complementary types of HPLC columns. The purity of the metallofullerenes used for structure analysis relative to other fullerenes was always more than 99.9%. 

Distillation is the dominant separation process in the petroleum and chemical industries. It is carried out continuously more often than batchwise, in large, vertical, hollow cylindrical columns (or towers). Figure 1 shows a large distillation column with its associated piping, heat exchangers, vessels, ladders, platforms, and support structures. Figure 2 shows a simple schematic representation. 

Brodie crystallizer-purifier, 545, 547 Kureha purifier, 545,547 multistage, 543 MWB process, 543,545 Phillips process, 544-546 Schilaknecnt column, 543,544,546 TNO bouncing ball process 545.547 Melt purification. See Melt crystallization Membranes, 631,632,641 applications, 632 cellulose acetate, 635 equipment configurations, 632 gas permeation,633,644 hollow fiber, 632,633,641,643 performance, 646 Permasep, 641 olate and frame, 638 Prism, 633,643 properties, 635,636 structures, 632 tubular, 638,639 types, 635, 636... 

It has been a common practice that a 2D matrix is used to record the data of a weave (Li et al., 1988 Milasuis and Reklaitis, 1988 Chen et al., 1996). In the case of a singlelayer fabric, a 2D binary matrix is used to represent the weave, whose element values are either 0 or 1. 1 indicates a warp-over-weft crossover and 0 means a weft-overwarp crossover. The position of each element in the matrix is located by a coordinate (x,y) where x indicates the xth column from the left and y the yth row from the bottom. This approach is adopted in generating the weaves for hexagonal hollow structures (Chen et al., 2004). 

For hollow structures, two columns of cells represent one structural repeat One repeat can be further divided into four areas as illustrated in Figure 3.12, with areas I and III identical to each other. As can be seen in Figure 3.12(b), area I contains only single layers, area II has two single layers (top and bottom) and several two layers, area III is the same as area I, and area IV has only two-layer fabrics. 

Table 1 summarizes some microstructural and electrochemical properties of porous Si anode materials, as pertaining to the second approach mentioned above, collected from the literature published since 2005. Several synthesis methods have been identified for preparing the porous Si anode materials (column 1, Table 1). One of the two most adopted methods is known as the metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE denoted as E in Table 1). The fundamental principle of this method can be found in the handbook chapter Porous Silicon Formation by Metal Nanoparticle Assisted Etching. Figure 2 shows an example of the MACE-derived porous Si particle. The other most adopted method is magnesiothermic reduction (denoted as M in Table 1). In this method (see handbook chapter Porous Silicon Formation by Porous Silica Reduction ), porous Si oxide materials are reduced by magnesium vapor under high-temperature thermal treatment. The porous Si oxide precursors may be synthesized via the conventional sol-gel processes. Porous Si particles with unique pore structures, such as hollow interior and ordered mesoporosity, may be obtained from Si oxides having the same pore structures which are achieved by using proper templates.

The structure being erected is a multistory total precast concrete building consisting of columns, beams, wall panels and hollow core slabs and double tee floor and roof members. 

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