History of study

Despite the importance of the ORR and long history of study, very little is known about the reaction mechanism.126,130,131 Mechanistic information has been derived almost exclusively from rotating disk electrode (RDE)131,132 and rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE)133-136,62,128 studies. The rotating electrode minimizes mass transfer effects and allows a kinetic current density to be extracted. In the RRDE setup, the ring surrounding the disk electrode detects species weakly adsorbed to the electrode that are ejected due to electrode rotation. The ORR reaction (eqn 4) is... 

The history of study of molecular chaperones is rather fascinating and merits at least a brief review. The initial discovery that heat shock was able to modify gene expression was made... 

Throughout the history of study on these compounds, there have been many errors in nomenclature (particularly as it relates to their stereochemical notation). If a more serious consideration of this topic is desired, then one is referred to the very lucid, well-presented review of the subject by Parthasara-thy and Eisenberg (1986). 

In Section I we made a brief excursion into the history of studies devoted to the estimation of the neutrino rest mass in this regard we pointed out the importance of the problem, first raised by Bergkvist (1971, 1972), of taking... 

Serendipity, n. the faculty for making desirable discoveries by accident (Webster s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of English Language, 1989). Probably the history of studies leading to the discovery of 59 and 60 can serve as an especially good example of the paramount role of serendipity in science. 

II. Brief History of Studies on Electrodynamics with Moving Boundaries... 

II. BRIEF HISTORY OF STUDIES ON ELECTRODYNAMICS WITH MOVING BOUNDARIES... 

Blue phases, once a subject of academic and basic studies only, are now attracting the attention of researchers in a range of application-based fields. These phases, once a headache for many scientists, are in no way easy to understand, even for the leading engineers of today. This chapter aims to present, as plainly as possible, the history of study on blue phases, some of their essential nature, and the recent progress made in the field. 

TiTuch of our understanding of the phase behavior of insoluble - monolayers of lipids at the air-water interface is derived from Adam s studies of fatty acid monolayers (I). It is now clear that the phase behavior of phospholipid monolayers (2) parallels that of the fatty acids we make use of these structure variations in our study of the interactions of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) monolayers with proteins. Because of the biological significance of the interfacial behavior of lipids and proteins, there is a long history of studies on such systems. When Adam was studying lipid monolayers, other noted contemporary surface chemists were studying protein monolayers (3) and the interactions of proteins with lipid monolayers (4). The latter interaction has been studied by many so-called 4 penetration experiments where the protein is injected into the substrate below insoluble lipid monolayers that are spread on the... 

Next, our journey through the history of studies in light phenomena takes us to the age of Copernicus, specifically the invention of the microscope by Zacharias... 

---