History, Occurrence and Properties

Synthesis gas is the tenri for gas mixtures mainly composed of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2). In the chemical industry it is applied as raw material for the production ( synthesis ) of various products, for example, for the production of methanol or even ammonia (by synthesis of N2 and H2). Synthesis gases are obtained in many ways (see Section 5.2). Fossil fuels such as carbon, petroleum, petroleum residues, natural gas as well as wood, peat and biomass reacting with water vapour, air, O2 or CO2 serve as feed materials. Apart from CO and Hj, synthesis gas may contain CO2, HjO, Nj, methane and higher-boiling hydrocarbons. 

Terminologically as well as regarding the practical production process, the boundaries to other industrial gases such as water gas and generator gas are fluid. 

H2 Various hydrogenations, as e g. the fat hydrogenation in the food industry and the desulphurization in refineries, energy carrier for fuel cells and a future hydrogen infrastructure 

H2 and CO in split flows Acetic add, intermediate products for the production of polyurethane foams 

Mixtures of H2 and CO Oxo-alcohols, reduction gas for the steel industry, fuel for gas turbines, synthetic fuels from natural gas (Fischer-Tropsdi-Synthesis Gas to Liquids GTL) 

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Cooper WC, Bennett KG, Croxton EC (1974) The history, occurrence, and properties of selenium. In Selenium. Zingaro RA, Cooper WC (eds). Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, p 1-30 Cooper WC, Glover JR (1974) The toxicology of selenium and its compounds. In Selenium. Zingaro RA, Cooper WC (eds). Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, p 654-674 Cutter GA(1982) Selenium in reducing waters. Science 217(4562) 829-831... 

Cook, G. A. (1961) Introduction and general survey. In Argon, Helium, and Rare Gases I. History, Occurrence and Properties, G. A. Cook, Ed., pp. 1-15. New York Interscience. 

Cooper WC, Bennett KG and Ceoxton FC (1974) The History, Occurrence, and Properties of Sdenium. In Zingaro RA and Cooper WC, eds. Selenium, pp. 1-30. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 

Casas, J., Sordo, J. (2006). Lead Chemistry, Analytical Aspects, Environmental Impact, and Health Effects. Amsterdam Elsevier Science. Chapter 1 deals with the history, occurrence, properties, and uses of lead compounds. Chapters 2 and 3 cover the chemistry of coordination and organolead compounds. 

Occurrence and History of Palladium—Preparation—Physical Varieties Physioal Properties—Permeability to Hydrogen--Occlusion of Canos Occlusion of Hydrogen—Chemical Properties--Catalytic Activity Crystalline Palladium—Colloidal Palladium—Spongy Palladium —Palladium Black —Uses—Atomic Weight—Alloys. 

Occurrence and History of Platinum--Proparatioi) -Punlioulimi Physical Properties—Volatilisation -Diffusion of Cases Solubility of (laMes Chemical Properties - -Catalytic Activity -Passivity Crystalline Platinum —Colloidal Platinum — Platinum Black Platinum Mpongo Explosive Platinum —Atomic Weight — Uses Buhstitutes Alloys Platinum Amalgam. 

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