Historical written sources

Keywords Aral Sea, Archaeology, Climate, Historical written sources. Human settlement, Palaeogeography, Water levels... 

Although archaeology is a historical discipline, in that its aim is to reconstruct events in the past, it is not the same as history. If history is reconstructing the past from written sources, then 99.9% of humanity s five million years or more of global evolution is beyond the reach of history. Even in historic times, where written records exist, there is still a distinctive role for archaeology. Documentary evidence often provides evidence for big events -famous people, battles and invasions, religious dogma, and the history of states but such written sources are inevitably biased. History is written by the... 

One of the main problems we have with extracting history from the biblical text is that many personages and events are attested in no other source. This applies to the seminal period of the Israehte monarchy s beginnings, with the reigns of David and Solomon. Not only are there no other written sources, but the archaeology is currently disputed. Without other reliable sources we are thrown back on trying to evaluate the biblical account, with all its problematic features. I propose here to use the story of the medieval Spanish hero known as El Cid to illumine the historical process involved in appraising the biblical account. 

Scientific and technical literature provide a wealth of information on the detailed historical and technical developments of CL. Early reviews describing commercial apparatus appeared as early as 1968 [9], In this context it is important to cite the recent comprehensive set of survey updates written by Stanley since 1992 (see [5] and references therein). These include not only instruments but reagents or kits for CL or BL. They constitute an excellent source of information about commercial instrumentation. 

Furthermore, the emergence of oral history as a systematic technique of historical investigation may have favoured interest in the history of contemporary chemistry. Properly handled interviews of practitioners of chemistry of the recent past can provide a rich repository of historical source material on the informal and affective aspects of doing science, which seldom enter the written record.7,8 A study of the origins of the Krebs cycle is a powerful example of the potential of oral history.9 The specialist history of chemistry centre, the Chemical Heritage Foundation in Philadelphia, has undertaken a systematic programme of chemical oral histories.10... 

Will you use any of the following in preparation lecture notes books and articles by recognized authors on the same topic official reports primary sources (a poem, a novel, an original historical document) secondary sources (what somebody else has written about the above, for example, a book on literary criticism) graphs, charts and diagrams ... 

The sources appear to imply that there was, by the time of Cicero, a generally accepted way of writing history. Sources 2a and 2b tell us that there must be impartiality in historical writing and Cicero presents this as a law of history. However, looking at the other source materials we can see that this law was not always adhered to and much of Roman history was written in a biased manner, for example in 4a we see Cicero again, but here he is asking Lucceius to neglect the laws of history. ... 

Yet, our historical background can never be more than informed conjecture based on abundant circumstantial evidence. Considerable Jewish evidence is contained in the Bible and Kabbalah, both of which are deeply mystical and archet5 al. Even these sources have more objective coherence than those of the other major group, the Rosicmcian descendants of the Indo-Hittites. The Rosicrucians prized oral over written tradition and have kept almost no records. The Elizabethan canons of literature are prominent exceptions. 

The Army historian that led the search effort concluded that the article was historically suspect because of when it was written, the contexts in which the comments appear, the nature of the source, and inferences from comparisons with other sources. The District of Columbia s research led me to reach a far different conclusion. In doing so, it should be noted that the historian completed his search and opinion in only 23 days the District had been studying this site for over two years. They also had the benefit of substantial recent knowledge regarding the site. The District s reasons for crediting the accuracy of the story follow. 

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